Ellen Fung, PhD, RD

Dr. Fung has advanced training in nutrition and a long-standing curiosity on the impact of nutrition and physical activity on bone health in children and young adults with chronic disease. She has a passion for hemoglobin disorders including thalassemia and sickle cell disease and has been conducting much of her research within these populations for the last 2 decades. Dr. Fung is the Director of the Bone Density Clinic at UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland and enjoys educating clinicians on the importance of achieving optimal bone health in childhood and adolescence. She is also the Director of the UCSF Summer Student Research Program which for the past 4 decades has been placing talented high school and college students from diverse backgrounds into local clinics and basic science labs to participate in active biomedical research. The overall goal of the program is to stimulate interest in health sciences for under-represented students, arming them with professional skills and confidence, thereby improving their likelihood of success in STEM careers.
Education
2023 - Pediatric Learning Environment Champion Training, University of California, San Francisco
2020 - Diversity Equity & Inclusion Foundation Training, University of California, San Francisco
CCD, 2008 - Certified Clinical Densitometrist, International Society Clinical Densitometry
Postdoctoral LEND Fellow, 1997 - Developmental Disabilities, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Postdoctoral USDA Fellow, 1996 - Nutritional Science, University of California, Berkeley
RD, 1995 - Dietetics, University of California, Berkeley
PhD, 1995 - Nutritional Science, University of California, Berkeley
Honors and Awards
  • Scientific Achievement Award, Children’s Hospital & Research Center, Oakland, 2013
  • Nutrition Leadership Institute Recipient, Dannon Institute, 1999
  • Helen M. Shearer Endowed Term Professor in Nutrition, University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, 1998
Websites

  1. Fung, EB, Schryver T, Angastiniotis M.. Nutrition for Patients with Thalassemia and Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency: A guideline for clinicians Nutrition for Patients with Thalassemia and Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency: A guideline for clinicians. 2023. PMID:


  2. Miller BS, Fung EB, White KK, Lund TC, Harmatz P, Orchard PJ, Whitley CB, Polgreen LE. Persistent bone and joint disease despite current treatments for mucopolysaccharidosis types I, II, and VI: data from a 10-year prospective study. Journal of inherited metabolic disease 2023. PMID: 36840680


  3. Fung EB, Goldberg EK, Bambot S, Manzo R, Lal A.. Relationships among Physical Activity, Pain and Bone Health in Youth and Adults with Thalassemia: An Observational Study Thalassemia Reports 2022. PMID:


  4. Fung EB, Goldberg EK, Bambot S, Manzo R, Lal A. Relationships among Physical Activity, Pain, and Bone Health in Youth and Adults with Thalassemia: An Observational Study. Thalassemia Reports 2022. PMID: 37139496


  5. Lee JY, Fan B, Montenegro G, Long RK, Sanda S, Capodanno G, Schafer AL, Burghardt AJ, Rosenthal SM, Fung EB. Interpretation of Bone Mineral Density Z-Scores by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry in Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth Prior to Gender-Affirming Medical Therapy. Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2022. PMID: 35941040


  6. Sayani FA, Lal A, Tasian GE, Al-Mukaddam M, Killilea DW, Wasserstein A, Fung EB.. Kidney Stones in Transfusion Dependent Thalassemia: Prevalence and Risk Factors Open Journal of Urology 2022. PMID:


  7. Goldberg EK, Lal A, Fung EB. Nutrition in Thalassemia: A Systematic Review of Deficiency, Relations to Morbidity, and Supplementation Recommendations. 2021. PMID: 34486568


  8. Fung EB, Frey MR, Valmont ME, Caffey-Fleming DE, Fraser M, Williams J, Killilea DW, Bogenmann E, Livshits S, Boone DN. Success of Distance Learning During 2020 COVID-19 Restrictions: A Report from Five STEM Training Programs for Underrepresented High School and Undergraduate Learners. Journal of STEM outreach 2021. PMID: 35252781


  9. Chung JH, Phalke N, Hastings C, Killilea DW, Feusner JH, Fung EB. Zinc deficiency and its association with treatment-related toxicity in children with cancer. Pediatric blood & cancer 2021. PMID: 34061438


  10. Lund TC, Doherty TM, Eisengart JB, Freese RL, Rudser KD, Fung EB, Miller BS, White KK, Orchard PJ, Whitley CB, Polgreen LE. Biomarkers for prediction of skeletal disease progression in mucopolysaccharidosis type I. JIMD reports 2020. PMID: 33728251


  11. Fung EB, Ahmad T, Killilea DW, Hussain R, Lal A. Zinc supplementation improves markers of glucose homeostasis in thalassaemia. British journal of haematology 2020. PMID: 32488893


  12. Adesina OO, Jenkins IC, Wu QV, Fung EB, Narla RR, Lipkin EW, Mahajan K, Konkle BA, Kruse-Jarres R. Urinary cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide, a bone resorption marker, decreases after vaso-occlusive crises in adults with sickle cell disease. Blood cells, molecules & diseases 2019. PMID: 31677454


  13. Polgreen LE, Lund TC, Braunlin E, Tolar J, Miller BS, Fung E, Whitley CB, Eisengart JB, Northrop E, Rudser K, Miller WP, Orchard PJ. Clinical trial of laronidase in Hurler syndrome after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Pediatric research 2019. PMID: 31434105


  14. Goldberg EK, Fung EB. Precision of the Hologic DXA in the Assessment of Visceral Adipose Tissue. Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2019. PMID: 30992223


  15. Cullers A, King JC, Van Loan M, Gildengorin G, Fung EB. Effect of prenatal calcium supplementation on bone during pregnancy and 1 y postpartum. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2019. PMID: 30649176


  16. Goldberg EK, Neogi S, Lal A, Higa A, Fung E. Nutritional Deficiencies Are Common in Patients with Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia and Associated with Iron Overload. 2018. PMID: 30569002


  17. Allard HM, Calvelli L, Weyhmiller MG, Gildengorin G, Fung EB. Vertebral Bone Density Measurements by DXA are Influenced by Hepatic Iron Overload in Patients with Hemoglobinopathies. Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2018. PMID: 30122533


  18. Minkowitz B, Sawyer A, Fung EB, Dvorzhinskiy A, Lane JM. The Answer is Vitamin D! From Pediatrics to Geriatrics in Orthopaedics. Instructional course lectures 2018. PMID: 31411437


  19. Khurana M, Fung EB, Vichinsky EP, Theil EC. Dietary nonheme iron is equally bioavailable from ferritin or ferrous sulfate in thalassemia intermedia. Volume 34 of Issue 8. Pediatric hematology and oncology 2017. PMID: 29232169


  20. Fung EB. The importance of nutrition for health in patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2016. PMID: 26824448


  21. Fung EB, Gildengorin G, Talwar S, Hagar L, Lal A. Zinc status affects glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in patients with thalassemia. 2015. PMID: 26043030


  22. Zerofsky M, Ryder M, Bhatia S, Stephensen CB, King J, Fung EB. Effects of early vitamin D deficiency rickets on bone and dental health, growth and immunity. Maternal & child nutrition 2015. PMID: 25850574


  23. Tubman VN, Fung EB, Vogiatzi M, Thompson AA, Rogers ZR, Neufeld EJ, Kwiatkowski JL, Thalassemia Clinical Research Network. Guidelines for the Standard Monitoring of Patients With Thalassemia: Report of the Thalassemia Longitudinal Cohort. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 2015. PMID: 26201037


  24. Stevenson DA, Rudser K, Kunin-Batson A, Fung EB, Viskochil D, Shapiro E, Orchard PJ, Whitley CB, Polgreen LE. Biomarkers of bone remodeling in children with mucopolysaccharidosis types I, II, and VI. Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine 2014. PMID: 25096868


  25. Fung EB. Bone health in children with special health care needs. Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine 2014. PMID: 25096862


  26. Afzal SY, Wender AR, Jones MD, Fung EB, Pico EL. The effect of low magnitude mechanical stimulation (LMMS) on bone density in patients with Rett syndrome: a pilot and feasibility study. Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine 2014. PMID: 25096869


  27. Fung EB, Kwiatkowski JL, Huang JN, Gildengorin G, King JC, Vichinsky EP. Zinc supplementation improves bone density in patients with thalassemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. 2013. PMID: 23945720


  28. Polgreen LE, Thomas W, Fung E, Viskochil D, Stevenson DA, Steinberger J, Orchard P, Whitley CB, Ensrud KE. Low bone mineral content and challenges in interpretation of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in children with mucopolysaccharidosis types I, II, and VI. Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2013. PMID: 23562131


  29. Walter PB, Porter J, Evans P, Kwiatkowski JL, Neufeld EJ, Coates T, Giardina PJ, Grady RW, Vichinsky E, Olivieri N, Trachtenberg F, Alberti D, Fung E, Ames B, Higa A, Harmatz P, Thalassemia Clinical Research Network. Increased leucocyte apoptosis in transfused ß-thalassaemia patients. British journal of haematology 2012. PMID: 23216540


  30. Fung EB, Gariepy CA, Sawyer AJ, Higa A, Vichinsky EP. The effect of whole body vibration therapy on bone density in patients with thalassemia: a pilot study. Volume 87 of Issue 10. American journal of hematology 2012. PMID: 22886910


  31. Dror DK, King JC, Durand DJ, Fung EB, Allen LH. Feto-maternal vitamin D status and infant whole-body bone mineral content in the first weeks of life. European journal of clinical nutrition 2012. PMID: 22781021


  32. Hacker AN, Fung EB, King JC. Role of calcium during pregnancy: maternal and fetal needs. Nutrition reviews 2012. PMID: 22747842


  33. Fung EB, Xu Y, Trachtenberg F, Odame I, Kwiatkowski JL, Neufeld EJ, Thompson AA, Boudreaux J, Quinn CT, Vichinsky EP, Thalassemia Clinical Research Network. Inadequate dietary intake in patients with thalassemia. Volume 112 of Issue 7. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2012. PMID: 22551675


  34. Dror DK, King JC, Fung EB, Van Loan MD, Gertz ER, Allen LH. Evidence of associations between feto-maternal vitamin D status, cord parathyroid hormone and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, and newborn whole body bone mineral content. Nutrients 2012. PMID: 22413062


  35. Fung EB, Aguilar C, Micaily I, Haines D, Lal A. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency in transfusion-dependent thalassemia. 2011. PMID: 21818763


  36. Fung EB, Vichinsky EP, Kwiatkowski JL, Huang J, Bachrach LK, Sawyer AJ, Zemel BS. Characterization of low bone mass in young patients with thalassemia by DXA, pQCT and markers of bone turnover. 2011. PMID: 21443975


  37. Fung EB, Humphrey ML, Gildengorin G, Goldstein N, Hoffinger SA. Rapid remineralization of the distal radius after forearm fracture in children. Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2011. PMID: 21307706


  38. Quinn CT, Johnson VL, Kim HY, Trachtenberg F, Vogiatzi MG, Kwiatkowski JL, Neufeld EJ, Fung E, Oliveri N, Kirby M, Giardina PJ, Thalassemia Clinical Research Network. Renal dysfunction in patients with thalassaemia. British journal of haematology 2011. PMID: 21332704


  39. Fung EB. Nutritional deficiencies in patients with thalassemia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2010. PMID: 20712792


  40. Shepherd JA, Fan B, Lu Y, Marquez L, Salama K, Hwang J, Fung EB. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with serum ferritin predicts liver iron concentration and changes in concentration better than ferritin alone. Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2010. PMID: 20663700


  41. Fung EB, Xu Y, Kwiatkowski JL, Vogiatzi MG, Neufeld E, Olivieri N, Vichinsky EP, Giardina PJ, Thalassemia Clinical Research Network. Relationship between chronic transfusion therapy and body composition in subjects with thalassemia. Volume 157 of Issue 4. The Journal of pediatrics 2010. PMID: 20547400


  42. Fung EB, Ritchie LD, Walker BH, Gildengorin G, Crawford PB. Randomized, controlled trial to examine the impact of providing yogurt to women enrolled in WIC. Journal of nutrition education and behavior 2010. PMID: 20399406


  43. Fung EB, Johnson JA, Madden J, Kim T, Harmatz P. Bone density assessment in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis: A preliminary report from patients with MPS II and VI. Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine 2010. PMID: 20617160


  44. Singer ST, Kim HY, Olivieri NF, Kwiatkowski JL, Coates TD, Carson S, Neufeld E, Cunningham MJ, Giardina PJ, Mueller BU, Quinn CT, Fung E, Vichinsky E, Thalassemia Clinical Research Network. Hemoglobin H-constant spring in North America: an alpha thalassemia with frequent complications. Volume 84 of Issue 11. American journal of hematology 2009. PMID: 19787795


  45. Vogiatzi MG, Macklin EA, Trachtenberg FL, Fung EB, Cheung AM, Vichinsky E, Olivieri N, Kirby M, Kwiatkowski JL, Cunningham M, Holm IA, Fleisher M, Grady RW, Peterson CM, Giardina PJ, Thalassemia Clinical Research Network. Differences in the prevalence of growth, endocrine and vitamin D abnormalities among the various thalassaemia syndromes in North America. Volume 146 of Issue 5. British journal of haematology 2009. PMID: 19604241


  46. Vogiatzi MG, Macklin EA, Fung EB, Cheung AM, Vichinsky E, Olivieri N, Kirby M, Kwiatkowski JL, Cunningham M, Holm IA, Lane J, Schneider R, Fleisher M, Grady RW, Peterson CC, Giardina PJ, Thalassemia Clinical Research Network. Bone disease in thalassemia: a frequent and still unresolved problem. Volume 24 of Issue 3. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2009. PMID: 18505376


  47. Block G, Jensen CD, Block TJ, Norris J, Dalvi TB, Fung EB. The work and home activities questionnaire: energy expenditure estimates and association with percent body fat. Journal of physical activity & health 2009. PMID: 19998851


  48. Block G, Jensen CD, Dalvi TB, Norkus EP, Hudes M, Crawford PB, Holland N, Fung EB, Schumacher L, Harmatz P. Vitamin C treatment reduces elevated C-reactive protein. Free radical biology & medicine 2008. PMID: 18952164


  49. Fung EB, Harmatz PR, Milet M, Balasa V, Ballas SK, Casella JF, Hilliard L, Kutlar A, McClain KL, Olivieri NF, Porter JB, Vichinsky EP, Multi-Center Iron Overload Research Group. Disparity in the management of iron overload between patients with sickle cell disease and thalassemia who received transfusions. Transfusion 2008. PMID: 18513257


  50. Block G, Jensen CD, Morrow JD, Holland N, Norkus EP, Milne GL, Hudes M, Dalvi TB, Crawford PB, Fung EB, Schumacher L, Harmatz P. The effect of vitamins C and E on biomarkers of oxidative stress depends on baseline level. Free radical biology & medicine 2008. PMID: 18455517


  51. Fung EB, Harmatz PR, Milet M, Coates TD, Thompson AA, Ranalli M, Mignaca R, Scher C, Giardina P, Robertson S, Neumayr L, Vichinsky EP, Multi-Center Iron Overload Study Group. Fracture prevalence and relationship to endocrinopathy in iron overloaded patients with sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Bone 2008. PMID: 18430624


  52. Fung EB, Kawchak DA, Zemel BS, Rovner AJ, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA. Markers of bone turnover are associated with growth and development in young subjects with sickle cell anemia. Pediatric blood & cancer 2008. PMID: 17243130


  53. Pakbaz Z, Fischer R, Fung E, Nielsen P, Harmatz P, Vichinsky E. Serum ferritin underestimates liver iron concentration in transfusion independent thalassemia patients as compared to regularly transfused thalassemia and sickle cell patients. Pediatric blood & cancer 2007. PMID: 17554789


  54. Fung EB, Harmatz P, Milet M, Ballas SK, De Castro L, Hagar W, Owen W, Olivieri N, Smith-Whitley K, Darbari D, Wang W, Vichinsky E, Multi-Center Study of Iron Overload Research Group. Morbidity and mortality in chronically transfused subjects with thalassemia and sickle cell disease: A report from the multi-center study of iron overload. American journal of hematology 2007. PMID: 17094096


  55. Vichinsky E, Onyekwere O, Porter J, Swerdlow P, Eckman J, Lane P, Files B, Hassell K, Kelly P, Wilson F, Bernaudin F, Forni GL, Okpala I, Ressayre-Djaffer C, Alberti D, Holland J, Marks P, Fung E, Fischer R, Mueller BU, Coates T, Deferasirox in Sickle Cell Investigators. A randomised comparison of deferasirox versus deferoxamine for the treatment of transfusional iron overload in sickle cell disease. Volume 136 of Issue 3. British journal of haematology 2007. PMID: 17233848


  56. Lal A, Fung EB, Pakbaz Z, Hackney-Stephens E, Vichinsky EP. Bone mineral density in children with sickle cell anemia. 2006. PMID: 16317761


  57. Fung EB, Harmatz PR, Lee PD, Milet M, Bellevue R, Jeng MR, Kalinyak KA, Hudes M, Bhatia S, Vichinsky EP, Multi-Centre Study of Iron Overload Research Group. Increased prevalence of iron-overload associated endocrinopathy in thalassaemia versus sickle-cell disease. British journal of haematology 2006. PMID: 17054676


  58. Walter PB, Fung EB, Killilea DW, Jiang Q, Hudes M, Madden J, Porter J, Evans P, Vichinsky E, Harmatz P. Oxidative stress and inflammation in iron-overloaded patients with beta-thalassaemia or sickle cell disease. British journal of haematology 2006. PMID: 17010049


  59. Stevenson RD, Conaway M, Chumlea WC, Rosenbaum P, Fung EB, Henderson RC, Worley G, Liptak G, O'Donnell M, Samson-Fang L, Stallings VA, North American Growth in Cerebral Palsy Study. Growth and health in children with moderate-to-severe cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 2006. PMID: 16950992


  60. Vogiatzi MG, Macklin EA, Fung EB, Vichinsky E, Olivieri N, Kwiatkowski J, Cohen A, Neufeld E, Giardina PJ. Prevalence of fractures among the Thalassemia syndromes in North America. Volume 38 of Issue 4. Bone 2005. PMID: 16298178


  61. Wang K, Allen L, Fung E, Chan CC, Chan JC, Griffith JF. Bone scintigraphy in common tumors with osteolytic components. Clinical nuclear medicine 2005. PMID: 16166837


  62. Vichinsky E, Butensky E, Fung E, Hudes M, Theil E, Ferrell L, Williams R, Louie L, Lee PD, Harmatz P. Comparison of organ dysfunction in transfused patients with SCD or beta thalassemia. American journal of hematology 2005. PMID: 16138345


  63. Pakbaz Z, Fischer R, Treadwell M, Yamashita R, Fung EB, Calvelli L, Quirolo K, Foote D, Harmatz P, Vichinsky EP. A simple model to assess and improve adherence to iron chelation therapy with deferoxamine in patients with thalassemia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2005. PMID: 16339703


  64. Engelhardt R, Fung EB, Kelly P, Biehl TR, Pakbaz Z, Nielsen P, Harmatz P, Fischer R. Interaction of artificial metallic objects with biosusceptometric measurements. Neurology & clinical neurophysiology : NCN 2004. PMID: 16012652


  65. Fung EB, Fischer R, Pakbaz Z, Fagaly RL, Vichinsky E, Starr TN, Ewing T, Paulson DN, Hassenzahl WV, Harmatz P. The new SQUID biosusceptometer at Oakland: first year of experience. Neurology & clinical neurophysiology : NCN 2004. PMID: 16012600


  66. Fung EB, Kawchak DA, Zemel BS, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA. Plasma zinc is an insensitive predictor of zinc status: use of plasma zinc in children with sickle cell disease. Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2002. PMID: 16215013


  67. Henderson RC, Lark RK, Gurka MJ, Worley G, Fung EB, Conaway M, Stallings VA, Stevenson RD. Bone density and metabolism in children and adolescents with moderate to severe cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 2002. PMID: 12093986


  68. Fung EB, Samson-Fang L, Stallings VA, Conaway M, Liptak G, Henderson RC, Worley G, O'Donnell M, Calvert R, Rosenbaum P, Chumlea W, Stevenson RD. Feeding dysfunction is associated with poor growth and health status in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2002. PMID: 11902369


  69. Zemel BS, Kawchak DA, Fung EB, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA. Effect of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition in children with sickle cell disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2002. PMID: 11815322


  70. Henderson RC, Lark RK, Newman JE, Kecskemethy H, Fung EB, Renner JB, Harcke HT. Pediatric reference data for dual X-ray absorptiometric measures of normal bone density in the distal femur. AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2002. PMID: 11804914


  71. Fung EB, Barden EM, Kawchak DA, Zemel BS, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA. Effect of hydroxyurea therapy on resting energy expenditure in children with sickle cell disease. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 2001. PMID: 11902305


  72. Liptak GS, O'Donnell M, Conaway M, Chumlea WC, Wolrey G, Henderson RC, Fung E, Stallings VA, Samson-Fang L, Calvert R, Rosenbaum P, Stevenson RD. Health status of children with moderate to severe cerebral palsy. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2001. PMID: 11409824


  73. Fung EB, Malinauskas BM, Kawchak DA, Koh BY, Zemel BS, Gropper SS, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA. Energy expenditure and intake in children with sickle cell disease during acute illness. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2001. PMID: 11327740


  74. Kennedy TS, Fung EB, Kawchak DA, Zemel BS, Ohene-Frempong K, Stallings VA. Red blood cell folate and serum vitamin B12 status in children with sickle cell disease. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 2001. PMID: 11305720


  75. Henderson RC, Lark RK, Renner JB, Fung EB, Stallings VA, Conaway M, Stevenson RD. Dual X-ray absorptiometry assessment of body composition in children with altered body posture. Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry 2001. PMID: 11748337


  76. Fung EB. Estimating energy expenditure in critically ill adults and children. AACN clinical issues 2000. PMID: 11288413


  77. Fung EB, Barden EM, Wasserman D, Zemel BS, Heinrich BT, Scanlin TF, Stallings VA. A six-month study of growth and energy expenditure in children with cystic fibrosis taking a pulmonary inhalation medication (rhDNase). Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1999. PMID: 12038476


  78. Ritchie LD, Fung EB, Halloran BP, Turnlund JR, Van Loan MD, Cann CE, King JC. A longitudinal study of calcium homeostasis during human pregnancy and lactation and after resumption of menses. The American journal of clinical nutrition 1998. PMID: 9537616


  79. Stallings VA, Fung EB, Hofley PM, Scanlin TF. Acute pulmonary exacerbation is not associated with increased energy expenditure in children with cystic fibrosis. The Journal of pediatrics 1998. PMID: 9544907


  80. Fung EB, Ritchie LD, Woodhouse LR, Roehl R, King JC. Zinc absorption in women during pregnancy and lactation: a longitudinal study. The American journal of clinical nutrition 1997. PMID: 9209173


  81. Yoon JS, Fung EB, Ritchie LD, Woodhouse LR, King JC. Urinary lactose excretion is not an index of lactation performance. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1996. PMID: 8906146