Matt Pantell, MD, MS

Dr. Pantell worked at the Health Policy Center of the Urban Institute before attending the UC Berkeley - UCSF Joint Medical Program for medical school, where he earned an MD and a Master's in Health and Medical Sciences focusing on social epidemiology. He then completed his residency in pediatrics and was Chief Resident at the University of California, San Francisco. He was also a fellow in the Clinical Research Training Program at the NIH, where his work focused on biomarkers of social adversity.

Currently he is an Assistant Professor at UCSF, where his research is conducted with the UCSF Center for Health and Community, the UCSF Social Interventions Research and Evaluation Network, and the UCSF Preterm Birth Initiative. Broadly, his research focuses on social determinants of health and social needs. More specifically, his research focuses on implementing social needs screening in clinical settings, the utility of incorporating social information into clinical decision making, addressing social needs in clinical settings, data mining and the analysis of large datasets, and biological manifestations of the social determinants of health.

Clinically, Dr. Pantell works is as a pediatric hospitalist at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital - Mission Bay and Washington Hospital in Fremont. He also works as an pediatric urgent care physician and runs the Tattoo Removal Clinic at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital.
Education
2017 - Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Champion Training, University of California
Chief Resident, 06/2017 - Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
Residency, 06/2016 - Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
MD, 05/2013 - Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
07/2011 - Clinical Research Training Program, National Institutes of Health
MS, 04/2010 - Health and Medical Sciences, University of California, Berkeley

  1. Pantell MS. Pediatric Research ECI highlight: Matthew S. Pantell. Pediatric research 2024. PMID: 38664595


  2. Raney JH, Weinstein S, Ganson KT, Testa A, Jackson DB, Pantell M, Glidden DV, Brindis CD, Nagata JM. Mental Well-Being Among Adversity-Exposed Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA network open 2024. PMID: 38477919


  3. Iott BE, Rivas S, Gottlieb LM, Adler-Milstein J, Pantell MS. Structured and unstructured social risk factor documentation in the electronic health record underestimates patients' self-reported risks. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA 2024. PMID: 38216127


  4. Pantell MS, Silveira PP, de Mendonça Filho EJ, Wing H, Brown EM, Keeton VF, Pokhvisneva I, O'Donnell KJ, Neuhaus J, Hessler D, Meaney MJ, Adler NE, Gottlieb LM. Associations between Social Adversity and Biomarkers of Inflammation, Stress, and Aging in Children. Pediatric research 2024. PMID: 38233512


  5. Karvonen KL, Smith O, Chambers Butcher BD, Franck LS, McKenzie-Sampson S, McLemore MR, Pantell MS, Rogers EE. Parent and staff perceptions of racism in a single-center neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatric research 2024. PMID: 38167642


  6. Sandhu S, Liu M, Gottlieb LM, Pantell MS. Hospital Characteristics Associated With Social Needs Activities in the US. JAMA 2023. PMID: 38032664


  7. Wilkerson K, De Marchis E, Rudd N, Williams JC, Pantell M, Ackerman SL, Amerson EH, Chang AY. Patient Perspectives on Social Risk Screening and Documentation in a Dermatology Clinic. JAMA dermatology 2023. PMID: 37878278


  8. Karasek D, Batra A, Baer RJ, Butcher BDC, Feuer S, Fuchs JD, Kuppermann M, Gomez AM, Prather AA, Pantell M, Rogers E, Snowden JM, Torres J, Rand L, Jelliffe-Pawlowski L, Hamad R. Estimating the effect of timing of earned income tax credit refunds on perinatal outcomes: a quasi-experimental study of California births. BMC public health 2023. PMID: 37936102


  9. Pantell MS, Holmgren AJ, Leary JC, Iott BE, Neuhaus J, Adler-Milstein J, Gottlieb LM. Social and Medical Care Integration Practices Among Children's Hospitals. Hospital pediatrics 2023. PMID: 37718963


  10. De Marchis EH, Fleegler EW, Cohen AJ, Tung EL, Clark CR, Ommerborn MJ, Lindau ST, Pantell M, Hessler D, Gottlieb LM. Screening for Financial Hardship: Comparing Patient Survey Responses Using Two Different Screening Tools. Journal of general internal medicine 2023. PMID: 37770732


  11. Leary JC, Pantell M, Garg A. Elevating Parents' Voices in Designing and Implementing Pediatric Inpatient Social Care Systems. Hospital pediatrics 2023. PMID: 37483136


  12. Wadhwani SI, Pantell MS, Winestone LE. Subspecialty pediatrics: An unmet opportunity to address unmet social risks. Academic pediatrics 2023. PMID: 37499795


  13. Linfield GH, Patel S, Ko HJ, Lacar B, Gottlieb LM, Adler-Milstein J, Singh NV, Pantell MS, De Marchis EH. Evaluating the comparability of patient-level social risk data extracted from electronic health records: A systematic scoping review. Health informatics journal 2023. PMID: 37677012


  14. Brown EM, Franklin SM, Ryan JL, Canterberry M, Bowe A, Pantell MS, Cottrell EK, Gottlieb LM. Assessing area-level deprivation as a proxy for individual-level social risks. American journal of preventive medicine 2023. PMID: 37302512


  15. Karvonen KL, Anunwah E, Chambers BD, Kwarteng L, Mathis-Perry T, McLemore MR, Oh S, Pantell MS, Smith O, Rogers E. Structural Racism Operationalized Via Adverse Social Events in a Single-center Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The Journal of pediatrics 2023. PMID: 37211208


  16. Mehta S, Brown W, Ferguson E, Najera J, Pantell MS. The association between prescription drug monitoring programs and controlled substance prescribing: a cross-sectional study using data from 2019 National Electronic Health Records Survey. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA 2023. PMID: 37011637


  17. Keeton VF, Bidwell JT, de Mendonça Filho EJ, Silveira PP, Hessler D, Pantell MS, Wing H, Brown EM, Iott B, Gottlieb LM. Unmet Social Needs and Patterns of Hair Cortisol Concentration in Mother-Child Dyads. Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 2023. PMID: 37180829


  18. Soulsby WD, Lawson E, Okumura M, Pantell MS. Socioeconomic Factors are Associated with Severity of Hospitalization in Pediatric Lupus: An Analysis of the 2016 Kids' Inpatient Database. Arthritis care & research 2023. PMID: 36971263


  19. Raphael E, Azar KMJ, Gu D, Shen Z, Rubinsky A, Wang M, Pantell M, Lyles CR, Fernandez A, Bibbins-Domingo K, Pressman A, Nasrallah C, Hamad R. Racial and sociodemographic predictors of COVID-19 compared with influenza, appendicitis, and all-cause hospitalization: retrospective cohort analysis. Ethnicity & health 2023. PMID: 36907661


  20. Iott BE, Adler-Milstein J, Gottlieb LM, Pantell MS. Characterizing the relative frequency of clinician engagement with structured social determinants of health data. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA 2022. PMID: 36545752


  21. Keeton VF, Bell JF, Drake C, Fernandez Y Garcia EO, Pantell M, Hessler D, Wing H, Silveira PP, O'Donnell KJ, de Mendonça Filho EJ, Meaney MJ, Gottlieb LM. Household Social Needs, Emotional Functioning, and Stress in Low-Income Latinx Children and their Mothers. Journal of child and family studies 2023. PMID: 37143480


  22. Karvonen KL, McKenzie-Sampson S, Baer RJ, Jelliffe-Pawlowski L, Rogers EE, Pantell MS, Chambers BD. Structural racism is associated with adverse postnatal outcomes among Black preterm infants. Pediatric research 2022. PMID: 36577795


  23. Keeton VF, Bell JF, Gottlieb LM, Drake C, Pantell M, Hessler D, Wing H, Fernandez Y Garcia EO. Social Needs and Acculturation as Predictors of Emotional Problems and Perceived Stress Among Latinx Mothers with Low Income. Journal of immigrant and minority health 2022. PMID: 36422792


  24. Iott BE, Pantell MS, Adler-Milstein J, Gottlieb LM. Physician awareness of social determinants of health documentation capability in the electronic health record. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA 2022. PMID: 36069887


  25. Potharaju KA, Fields JD, Cemballi AG, Pantell MS, Desai R, Akom A, Shah A, Cruz T, Nguyen KH, Lyles CR. Assessing Alignment of Patient and Clinician Perspectives on Community Health Resources for Chronic Disease Management. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) 2022. PMID: 36292453


  26. Molina MF, Pantell MS, Gottlieb LM. Social Risk Factor Documentation in Emergency Departments. Annals of emergency medicine 2022. PMID: 36210245


  27. Soulsby WD, Lawson E, Pantell MS. Cumulative Social Disadvantage is Associated with Childhood Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Survey of Children's Health. Arthritis care & research 2022. PMID: 35904964


  28. Pantell MS, Hessler D, Wing H, Herrera P, Velazquez DE, Adler NE, Gottlieb LM. Association of 2 Social Needs Interventions With Child Emergency Department Use and Hospitalizations: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. 2022. PMID: 35404396


  29. Fritz CQ, Fleegler EW, DeSouza H, Richardson T, Kaiser SV, Sills MR, Cooper JN, Parikh K, Puls HT, DeLaroche AM, Hogan AH, Pantell MS, Kornblith AE, Heller KR, Bigham MT, Goyal M. Child Opportunity Index and Changes in Pediatric Acute Care Utilization in the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2022. PMID: 35233618


  30. Bongiovanni T, Shamasunder S, Brown W, Rivera Carpenter C, Pantell M, Ghali B, Harrison JD. Lessons learned from academic medical centers' response to the COVID-19 pandemic in partnership with the Navajo Nation. 2022. PMID: 35381019


  31. Nguyen KH, Cemballi AG, Fields JD, Brown W, Pantell MS, Lyles CR. Applying a socioecological framework to chronic disease management: implications for social informatics interventions in safety-net healthcare settings. 2022. PMID: 35571359


  32. Congdon JL, Baer RJ, Arcara J, Feuer SK, Gómez AM, Karasek D, Oltman SP, Pantell MS, Ryckman K, Jelliffe-Pawlowski L. Interpregnancy Interval and Birth Outcomes: A Propensity Matching Study in the California Population. 2022. PMID: 35260953


  33. Vest JR, Adler-Milstein J, Gottlieb LM, Bian J, Campion TR, Cohen GR, Donnelly N, Harper J, Huerta TR, Kansky JP, Kharrazi H, Khurshid A, Kooreman HE, McDonnell C, Overhage JM, Pantell MS, Parisi W, Shenkman EA, Tierney WM, Wiehe S, Harle CA. Assessment of structured data elements for social risk factors. 2022. PMID: 35049262


  34. Karvonen KL, Baer RJ, Blebu B, Calthorpe L, Fuchs JD, Jelliffe-Pawlowski L, Karasek D, McKenzie-Sampson S, Oltman SP, Rand L, Shannon MT, Washington TE, Woolridge T, Rogers EE, Pantell MS. Racial disparities in emergency mental healthcare utilization among birthing people with preterm infants. 2021. PMID: 34871781


  35. Wang M, Pantell MS, Gottlieb LM, Adler-Milstein J. Documentation and review of social determinants of health data in the EHR: measures and associated insights. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA 2021. PMID: 34549294


  36. Karasek D, Baer RJ, McLemore MR, Bell AJ, Blebu BE, Casey JA, Coleman-Phox K, Costello JM, Felder JN, Flowers E, Fuchs JD, Gomez AM, Karvonen K, Kuppermann M, Liang L, McKenzie-Sampson S, McCulloch CE, Oltman SP, Pantell MS, Piao X, Prather AA, Schmidt RJ, Scott KA, Spellen S, Stookey JD, Tesfalul M, Rand L, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL. The association of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy with preterm birth: A retrospective cohort study in California. Volume 2. Lancet Regional Health. Americas 2021. PMID: 34642685


  37. McKenzie-Sampson S, Baer RJ, Blebu BE, Karasek D, Oltman SP, Pantell MS, Rand L, Rogers EE, Torres JM, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Scott KA, Chambers BD. Maternal nativity and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among Black women residing in California, 2011-2017. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2021. PMID: 34282261


  38. Pantell MS, Adler-Milstein J, Wang MD, Prather AA, Adler NE, Gottlieb LM. A reply to Shachak. Volume 28 of Issue 6. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA 2021. PMID: 33659993


  39. Karvonen KL, Baer RJ, Rogers EE, Steurer MA, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Pantell MS. Brief report: Acute care visits vary by race and ethnicity among publicly insured preterm infants. Pediatric research 2021. PMID: 33958716


  40. Calthorpe LM, Baer RJ, Chambers BD, Steurer MA, Shannon MT, Oltman SP, Karvonen KL, Rogers EE, Rand LI, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Pantell MS. The association between preterm birth and postpartum mental healthcare utilization among California birthing people. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2021. PMID: 33932629


  41. Parent C, Pokhvisneva I, de Mendonça Filho EJ, O'Donnell KJ, Meaney MJ, Kee MZL, Thng G, Wing H, Adler NE, Keeton V, Pantell MS, Hessler D, Gottlieb LM, Silveira PP. Salivary cytokine cluster moderates the association between caregivers perceived stress and emotional functioning in youth. Volume 94. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2021. PMID: 33662503


  42. Schechter SB, Pantell MS, Parikh K, Nkoy F, McCulloh R, Fassl B, Kaiser SV. Impact of a National Quality Collaborative on Pediatric Asthma Care Quality by Insurance Status. Academic pediatrics 2021. PMID: 33607330


  43. Pfaff N, Pantell MS, Kaiser SV. High-risk Behavior Screening and Interventions in Hospitalized Adolescents. Hospital pediatrics 2021. PMID: 33568420


  44. Tung EL, De Marchis EH, Gottlieb LM, Lindau ST, Pantell MS. Patient Experiences with Screening and Assistance for Social Isolation in Primary Care Settings. Volume 36 of Issue 7. Journal of general internal medicine 2021. PMID: 33532968


  45. Karvonen KL, Baer RJ, Rogers EE, Steurer MA, Ryckman KK, Feuer SK, Anderson JG, Franck LS, Gano D, Petersen MA, Oltman SP, Chambers BD, Neuhaus J, Rand L, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Pantell MS. Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes through 1 year of life in infants born prematurely: a population based study in California. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2021. PMID: 33514879


  46. Shields-Zeeman L, Old A, Adler N, Gottlieb L, Pantell M.. Addressing Social Isolation and Loneliness: Lessons from around the World Addressing Social Isolation and Loneliness: Lessons from around the World. 2021. PMID:


  47. Gottlieb LM, Pantell MS, Solomon LS. The National Academy of Medicine Social Care Framework and COVID-19 Care Innovations. Volume 36 of Issue 5. Journal of general internal medicine 2021. PMID: 33469754


  48. Kaiser SV, Kornblith AE, Richardson T, Pantell MS, Fleegler EW, Fritz CQ, Parikh K, Zagel A, Sills MR, Souza HG, Goyal MK, Hogan AH, Heller KR, DeLaroche AM, Cooper JN, Puls HT. Emergency Visits and Hospitalizations for Child Abuse During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Pediatrics 2020. PMID: 33380432


  49. Calthorpe LM, Pantell MS. Differences in the prevalence of childhood adversity by geography in the 2017-18 National Survey of Children's Health. Volume 111. Child abuse & neglect 2020. PMID: 33218713


  50. Pantell MS, Adler-Milstein J, Wang MD, Prather AA, Adler NE, Gottlieb LM. A call for social informatics. Volume 27 of Issue 11. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA 2020. PMID: 33202020


  51. Cottrell EK, Hendricks M, Dambrun K, Cowburn S, Pantell M, Gold R, Gottlieb LM. Comparison of Community-Level and Patient-Level Social Risk Data in a Network of Community Health Centers. Volume 3 of Issue 10. JAMA network open 2020. PMID: 33119102


  52. Oltman SP, Rogers EE, Baer RJ, Jasper EA, Anderson JG, Steurer MA, Pantell MS, Petersen MA, Partridge JC, Karasek D, Ross KM, Feuer SK, Franck LS, Rand L, Dagle JM, Ryckman KK, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL. Newborn metabolic vulnerability profile identifies preterm infants at risk for mortality and morbidity. Pediatric research 2020. PMID: 33003189


  53. Pantell MS, Shields-Zeeman L. Maintaining Social Connections in the Setting of COVID-19 Social Distancing: A Call to Action. Volume 110 of Issue 9. American journal of public health 2020. PMID: 32783711


  54. Pantell MS, Hessler D, Long D, Alqassari M, Schudel C, Laves E, Velazquez DE, Amaya A, Sweeney P, Burns A, Harrison FL, Adler NE, Gottlieb LM. Effects of In-Person Navigation to Address Family Social Needs on Child Health Care Utilization: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA network open 2020. PMID: 32478849


  55. Abrams M, Williams II R, Tikkanen R, Shah T, Pantell M.. Solutions from Around the World: Tackling Loneliness and Social Isolation During COVID-19 To the Point (blog), Commonwealth Fund. 2020. PMID:


  56. Steurer MA, Costello J, Baer RJ, Oltman SP, Feuer SK, Pacheco-Werner T, Rogers E, Jankowska MM, Block J, McCarthy M, Pantell MS, Chambers C, Ryckman KK, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL. Cohort study of respiratory hospital admissions, air quality and sociodemographic factors in preterm infants born in California. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology 2020. PMID: 32026503


  57. Pantell MS, Kaiser SV, Torres JM, Gottlieb LM, Adler NE. Associations Between Social Factor Documentation and Hospital Length of Stay and Readmission Among Children. Hospital pediatrics 2020. PMID: 31888952


  58. Patel PV, Pantell MS, Heyman MB, Verstraete S. Depression Predicts Prolonged Length of Hospital Stay in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2019. PMID: 31261246


  59. De Marchis E, Pantell M, Fichtenberg C, Gottlieb LM. Prevalence of Patient-Reported Social Risk Factors and Receipt of Assistance in Federally Funded Health Centers. Volume 35 of Issue 1. Journal of general internal medicine 2019. PMID: 31677105


  60. Pantell MS, Baer RJ, Torres JM, Felder JN, Gomez AM, Chambers BD, Dunn J, Parikh NI, Pacheco-Werner T, Rogers EE, Feuer SK, Ryckman KK, Novak NL, Tabb KM, Fuchs J, Rand L, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL. Associations between unstable housing, obstetric outcomes, and perinatal health care utilization. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2019. PMID: 33345843


  61. Ross KM, Dunkel Schetter C, McLemore MR, Chambers BD, Paynter RA, Baer R, Feuer SK, Flowers E, Karasek D, Pantell M, Prather AA, Ryckman K, Jelliffe-Pawlowski L. Socioeconomic Status, Preeclampsia Risk and Gestational Length in Black and White Women. Volume 6 of Issue 6. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities 2019. PMID: 31368002


  62. Pantell MS, Prather AA, Downing JM, Gordon NP, Adler NE. Association of Social and Behavioral Risk Factors With Earlier Onset of Adult Hypertension and Diabetes. Volume 2 of Issue 5. JAMA network open 2019. PMID: 31099868


  63. Neely JA, Dvorak CC, Pantell MS, Melton A, Huang JN, Shimano KA. Autoimmune Cytopenias in Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Patients. Frontiers in pediatrics 2019. PMID: 31131266


  64. Pantell MS, De Marchis E, Bueno A, Gottlieb LM. Practice Capacity to Address Patients' Social Needs and Physician Satisfaction and Perceived Quality of Care. Volume 17 of Issue 1. Annals of family medicine 2019. PMID: 30670394


  65. Baer RJ, McLemore MR, Adler N, Oltman SP, Chambers BD, Kuppermann M, Pantell MS, Rogers EE, Ryckman KK, Sirota M, Rand L, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL. Pre-pregnancy or first-trimester risk scoring to identify women at high risk of preterm birth. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 2018. PMID: 30439652


  66. Pantell RH, Roberts KB, Greenhow TL, Pantell MS. Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Febrile Infants: Challenging Tradition. Advances in pediatrics 2018. PMID: 30053923


  67. Beck AF, Cohen AJ, Colvin JD, Fichtenberg CM, Fleegler EW, Garg A, Gottlieb LM, Pantell MS, Sandel MT, Schickedanz A, Kahn RS. Perspectives from the Society for Pediatric Research: interventions targeting social needs in pediatric clinical care. Volume 84 of Issue 1. Pediatric research 2018. PMID: 29795202


  68. Oltman SP, Rogers EE, Baer RJ, Anderson JG, Steurer MA, Pantell MS, Partridge JC, Rand L, Ryckman KK, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL. Initial Metabolic Profiles Are Associated with 7-Day Survival among Infants Born at 22-25 Weeks of Gestation. The Journal of pediatrics 2018. PMID: 29661562


  69. Sanchez LA, Maggadottir SM, Pantell MS, Lugar P, Rundles CC, Sullivan KE, USIDNET Consortium. Two Sides of the Same Coin: Pediatric-Onset and Adult-Onset Common Variable Immune Deficiency. Journal of clinical immunology 2017. PMID: 28755066


  70. Pantell M, Rehkopf D, Jutte D, Syme SL, Balmes J, Adler N. Social isolation: a predictor of mortality comparable to traditional clinical risk factors. Volume 103 of Issue 11. American journal of public health 2013. PMID: 24028260


  71. Totonchy MB, Tamura D, Pantell MS, Zalewski C, Bradford PT, Merchant SN, Nadol J, Khan SG, Schiffmann R, Pierson TM, Wiggs E, Griffith AJ, DiGiovanna JJ, Kraemer KH, Brewer CC. Auditory analysis of xeroderma pigmentosum 1971-2012: hearing function, sun sensitivity and DNA repair predict neurological degeneration. Volume 136 of Issue Pt 1. Brain : a journal of neurology 2013. PMID: 23365097


  72. Adler N, Bush NR, Pantell MS. Rigor, vigor, and the study of health disparities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012. PMID: 23045672


  73. Adler N, Pantell MS, O'Donovan A, Blackburn E, Cawthon R, Koster A, Opresko P, Newman A, Harris TB, Epel E. Educational attainment and late life telomere length in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Volume 27 of Issue 1. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2012. PMID: 22981835


  74. O'Donovan A, Pantell MS, Puterman E, Dhabhar FS, Blackburn EH, Yaffe K, Cawthon RM, Opresko PL, Hsueh WC, Satterfield S, Newman AB, Ayonayon HN, Rubin SM, Harris TB, Epel ES, Health Aging and Body Composition Study. Cumulative inflammatory load is associated with short leukocyte telomere length in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Volume 6 of Issue 5. PloS one 2011. PMID: 21602933


  75. Selden TM, Kenney GM, Pantell MS, Ruhter J. Cost sharing in Medicaid and CHIP: how does it affect out-of-pocket spending? Volume 28 of Issue 4. Health affairs (Project Hope) 2009. PMID: 19491137


  76. Clemans-Cope L, Perry CD, Kenney GM, Pelletier JE, Pantell MS. Access to and use of paid sick leave among low-income families with children. Volume 122 of Issue 2. Pediatrics 2008. PMID: 18676534