Theodore Ruel, MD

My overarching career goal is to advance the care of infants and children affected by HIV. I perform Phase I/II clinical trials that establish the safe and effective dosing of new antiretroviral medications for children, larger clinical trials that evaluate multilevel interventions to improve care engagement and outcomes among adolescents and young adults living with HIV. Within the International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT), I serve as Chair of the Treatment Scientific Committee, that helps to set the network's research agenda for pregnant women and children. I also serve in professional roles that allow me to accelerate the adoption of new evidence into treatment guidelines. I serve as co-chair of the NIH/DHHS Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children that publishes treatment guidelines for children in the USA, and co-chair to the Pediatric Antiretroviral Working Group at the World Health Organization. I also provide clinical care to families and children living with or otherwise affected by HIV in the Bay Area.
Education
Fellowship, 06/2009 - Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of California, San Francisco
Residency, 06/2003 - Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
M.D., 06/2000 - Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine
Websites

  1. Bekker A, Capparelli EV, Mirochnick M, Clarke DF, Cotton MF, Shapiro R, McCarthy K, Moye J, Violari A, Chokephaibulkit K, Abrams E, Penazzato M, Ruel TD, Cressey TR. Lamivudine dosing for preterm infants exposed to HIV: a population pharmacokinetic modelling and simulation study. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 2024. PMID: 39092932


  2. Buchanan AM, Bekker A, Chandasana H, DeMasi R, Lulic Z, Ernest T, Brothers C, Min S, Ruel T, Tan LK. Advancing Research and Development of Anti-infectives for Children: A Clinical Development Perspective. International journal of antimicrobial agents 2024. PMID: 39146996


  3. Marquez C, Atukunda M, Nugent J, Charlebois ED, Chamie G, Mwangwa F, Ssemmondo E, Kironde J, Kabami J, Owaraganise A, Kakande E, Ssekaynzi B, Abbott R, Ayieko J, Ruel T, Kwariisima D, Kamya M, Petersen M, Havlir DV, Balzer LB. Community-Wide Universal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Test and Treat Intervention Reduces Tuberculosis Transmission in Rural Uganda: A Cluster-Randomized Trial. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024. PMID: 38226445


  4. Chandasana H, Hayes S, Buchanan AM, Brothers C, Wiznia A, Bartlett M, Popson S, Townley E, George K, Vavro C, Ruel T, Acosta EP, Singh R, IMPAACT P1093 Team. Bridging dolutegravir clinical viral response across doses and formulations using model-based exposure-response analysis in pediatrics. AIDS (London, England) 2024. PMID: 38768443


  5. Spector SA, Brummel SS, Chang A, Wiznia A, Ruel TD, Acosta EP, for IMPAACT P1093 Team. Impact of Genetic Variants in ABCG2, NR1I2 and UGT1A1 on the Pharmacokinetics of Dolutegravir in Children. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2024. PMID: 38180896


  6. Chandasana H, Thapar M, Hayes S, Baker M, Gibb DM, Turkova A, Ford D, Ruel T, Wiznia A, Fairlie L, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Mujuru H, Alvero C, Farhad M, Hazra R, Townley E, Buchanan A, Bollen P, Waalewijn H, Colbers A, Burger D, Acosta EP, Singh R, IMPAACT P1093, ODYSSEY (PENTA 20) Study Teams. Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Dolutegravir to Optimize Pediatric Dosing in HIV-1-Infected Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Clinical pharmacokinetics 2023. PMID: 37603217


  7. Ruel T, Mwangwa F, Balzer LB, Ayieko J, Nyabuti M, Mugoma WE, Kabami J, Kamugisha B, Black D, Nzarubara B, Opel F, Schrom J, Agengo G, Nakigudde J, Atuhaire HN, Schwab J, Peng J, Camlin C, Shade SB, Bukusi E, Kapogiannis BG, Charlebois E, Kamya MR, Havlir D. A multilevel health system intervention for virological suppression in adolescents and young adults living with HIV in rural Kenya and Uganda (SEARCH-Youth): a cluster randomised trial. The lancet. HIV 2023. PMID: 37541706


  8. Ruel T, Penazzato M, Zech JM, Archary M, Cressey TR, Goga A, Harwell J, Landovitz RJ, Lain MG, Lallemant M, Namusoke-Magongo E, Mukui I, Permar SR, Prendergast AJ, Shapiro R, Abrams EJ. Novel Approaches to Postnatal Prophylaxis to Eliminate Vertical Transmission of HIV. Global health, science and practice 2023. PMID: 37116934


  9. Nelson BS, Tierney C, Persaud D, Jao J, Cotton MF, Bryson Y, Coletti A, Ruel TD, Spector SA, Reding C, Bacon K, Costello D, Perlowski C, Santos Cruz ML, Kosgei J, Majji S, Yin DE, Jean-Philippe P, Chadwick EG, IMPAACT P1115 Team. Infants Receiving Very Early ART Have High CD4 Counts in the First Year of Life. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2022. PMID: 36031390


  10. Penazzato M, Kasirye I, Ruel T, Mukui I, Bekker A, Archary M, Musoke P, Essajee S, Siberry GK, Mahy M, Simnoue D, Simione B, Zech JM, Mushavi A, Abrams EJ, PNP meeting participants. Antiretroviral postnatal prophylaxis to prevent HIV vertical transmission: present and future strategies. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2023. PMID: 36808699


  11. Lai A, Young ES, Kohrman H, Chateau G, Cohan D, Pollock L, Hahn M, Namusaazi B, Toini OT, Levison J, Ruel T. Tilting the Scale: Current Provider Perspectives and Practices on Breastfeeding with HIV in the United States. AIDS patient care and STDs 2023. PMID: 36787411


  12. Abrams EJ, Capparelli E, Ruel T, Mirochnick M. Potential of Long-Acting Products to Transform the Treatment and Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2022. PMID: 36410381


  13. Penazzato M, Townsend CL, Sam-Agudu NA, Ruel TD, Archary M, Bekker A, Cressey TR, Colbers A, Sugandhi N, Rojo P, Rakhmanina N, Watkins M, Frigati L, Mukui I, Hafiz A, Vicari M, Capparelli EV, Abrams EJ, PADO-HIV 5 participants. Advancing the prevention and treatment of HIV in children: priorities for research and development. The lancet. HIV 2022. PMID: 35863362


  14. Jacobs TG, Schouwenburg S, Penazzato M, Archary M, Ruel TD, van den Anker J, Burger DM, Cressey TR, Abrams EJ, Lyall H, Bekker A, Colbers A, Penta Clinical Pharmacology Working Group, PADO-HIV 5 participants. What babies need: accelerating access to current and novel antiretroviral drugs in neonates through pharmacokinetic studies. The lancet. HIV 2022. PMID: 35863363


  15. Johnson-Peretz J, Lebu S, Akatukwasa C, Getahun M, Ruel T, Lee J, Ayieko J, Mwangwa F, Owino L, Onyango A, Maeri I, Atwine F, Charlebois ED, Bukusi EA, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, Camlin CS. "I was still very young": agency, stigma and HIV care strategies at school, baseline results of a qualitative study among youth in rural Kenya and Uganda. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2022. PMID: 35818888


  16. Mwangwa F, Charlebois ED, Ayieko J, Olio W, Black D, Peng J, Kwarisiima D, Kabami J, Balzer LB, Petersen ML, Kapogiannis B, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, Ruel TD. Two or more significant life-events in 6-months are associated with lower rates of HIV treatment and virologic suppression among youth with HIV in Uganda and Kenya. 2022. PMID: 35578398


  17. Ruel TD, Acosta EP, Liu JP, Gray KP, George K, Montañez N, Popson S, Buchanan AM, Bartlett M, Dayton D, Anthony P, Brothers C, Vavro C, Singh R, Koech L, Vhembo T, Mmbaga BT, Pinto JA, Dobbels EFM, Archary M, Chokephaibulkit K, Ounchanum P, Deville JG, Hazra R, Townley E, Wiznia A, IMPAACT P1093 team. Pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and antiviral activity of dolutegravir dispersible tablets in infants and children with HIV-1 (IMPAACT P1093): results of an open-label, phase 1-2 trial. 2022. PMID: 35489377


  18. Jasper EA, Oltman SP, Rogers EE, Dagle JM, Murray JC, Kamya M, Kakuru A, Kajubi R, Ochieng T, Adrama H, Okitwi M, Olwoch P, Jagannathan P, Clark TD, Dorsey G, Ruel T, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Ryckman KK. Targeted newborn metabolomics: prediction of gestational age from cord blood. 2022. PMID: 35067676


  19. Vavro C, Ruel T, Wiznia A, Montañez N, Nangle K, Horton J, Buchanan AM, Stewart EL, Palumbo P. Emergence of Resistance in HIV-1 Integrase With Dolutegravir Treatment in a Pediatric Population From the IMPAACT P1093 Study. 2021. PMID: 34694878


  20. Saberi P, Lisha NE, Erguera XA, Hudes ES, Johnson MO, Ruel T, Neilands TB. A Mobile Health App (WYZ) for Engagement in Care and Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence Among Youth and Young Adults Living With HIV: Single-Arm Pilot Intervention Study. JMIR formative research 2021. PMID: 34463622


  21. Muhindo M, Bress J, Kalanda R, Armas J, Danziger E, Kamya MR, Butler LM, Ruel T. Implementation of a Newborn Clinical Decision Support Software (NoviGuide) in a Rural District Hospital in Eastern Uganda: Feasibility and Acceptability Study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2021. PMID: 33605886


  22. Oltman SP, Jasper EA, Kajubi R, Ochieng T, Kakuru A, Adrama H, Okitwi M, Olwoch P, Kamya M, Bedell B, McCarthy M, Dagle J, Jagannathan P, Clark TD, Dorsey G, Rand L, Ruel T, Rogers EE, Ryckman KK, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL. Gestational age dating using newborn metabolic screening: A validation study in Busia, Uganda. Journal of global health 2021. PMID: 33692896


  23. Kakuru A, Roh ME, Kajubi R, Ochieng T, Ategeka J, Ochokoru H, Nakalembe M, Clark TD, Ruel T, Staedke SG, Chandramohan D, Havlir DV, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Jagannathan P. Infant sex modifies associations between placental malaria and risk of malaria in infancy. Malaria journal 2020. PMID: 33272281


  24. Day S, Kapogiannis BG, Shah SK, Wilson EC, Ruel TD, Conserve DF, Strode A, Donenberg GR, Kohler P, Slack C, Ezechi O, Tucker JD, PATC3H Consortium Adolescent Bioethics Working Group. Adolescent participation in HIV research: consortium experience in low and middle-income countries and scoping review. The lancet. HIV 2020. PMID: 33275917


  25. Ruel TD, Capparelli EV, Tierney C, Nelson BS, Coletti A, Bryson Y, Cotton MF, Spector SA, Mirochnick M, LeBlanc R, Reding C, Zimmer B, Persaud D, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Naidoo KL, Hazra R, Jean-Philippe P, Chadwick EG. Pharmacokinetics and safety of early nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy for neonates at high risk for perinatal HIV infection: a phase 1/2 proof of concept study. The lancet. HIV 2020. PMID: 33242457


  26. Kakuru A, Jagannathan P, Kajubi R, Ochieng T, Ochokoru H, Nakalembe M, Clark TD, Ruel T, Staedke SG, Chandramohan D, Havlir DV, Kamya MR, Dorsey G. Impact of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine on the incidence of malaria in infancy: a randomized controlled trial. BMC medicine 2020. PMID: 32772921


  27. Kabami J, Balzer LB, Saddiki H, Ayieko J, Kwarisiima D, Atukunda M, Charlebois ED, Clark TD, Koss CA, Ruel T, Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Musoke P, Petersen ML, Havlir DV, Kamya MR, Chamie G. Population-level viral suppression among pregnant and postpartum women in a universal test and treat trial. AIDS (London, England) 2020. PMID: 32472768


  28. Viani RM, Ruel T, Alvero C, Fenton T, Acosta EP, Hazra R, Townley E, Palumbo P, Buchanan AM, Vavro C, Singh R, Graham B, Anthony P, George K, Wiznia A, P1093 Study Team. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Dolutegravir in Treatment-Experienced Adolescents With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Results of the IMPAACT P1093 Study. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 2020. PMID: 30951600


  29. Finkelstein JL, Herman HS, Plenty A, Mehta S, Natureeba P, Clark TD, Kamya MR, Ruel T, Charlebois ED, Cohan D, Havlir D, Young SL. Anemia and Micronutrient Status during Pregnancy, and Their Associations with Obstetric and Infant Outcomes among HIV-Infected Ugandan Women Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. Current developments in nutrition 2020. PMID: 32440638


  30. Koss CA, Charlebois ED, Ayieko J, Kwarisiima D, Kabami J, Balzer LB, Atukunda M, Mwangwa F, Peng J, Mwinike Y, Owaraganise A, Chamie G, Jain V, Sang N, Olilo W, Brown LB, Marquez C, Zhang K, Ruel TD, Camlin CS, Rooney JF, Black D, Clark TD, Gandhi M, Cohen CR, Bukusi EA, Petersen ML, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, SEARCH Collaboration. Uptake, engagement, and adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis offered after population HIV testing in rural Kenya and Uganda: 72-week interim analysis of observational data from the SEARCH study. The lancet. HIV 2020. PMID: 32087152


  31. Marquez C, Atukunda M, Balzer LB, Chamie G, Kironde J, Ssemmondo E, Ruel TD, Mwangwa F, Tram KH, Clark TD, Kwarisiima D, Petersen M, Kamya MR, Charlebois ED, Havlir DV. The age-specific burden and household and school-based predictors of child and adolescent tuberculosis infection in rural Uganda. PloS one 2020. PMID: 31995631


  32. Richard Kajubi, Teddy Ochieng, Abel Kakuru, Prasanna Jagannathan, Miriam Nakalembe, Theodore Ruel, Bishop Opira, Harriet Ochokoru, John Ategeka, Patience Nayebare, Tamara D. Clark, Diane V. Havlir, Moses R. Kamya, Grant Dorsey. Monthly Sulfadoxine–Pyrimethamine Versus Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 2019. PMID:


  33. Penazzato M, Townsend CL, Rakhmanina N, Cheng Y, Archary M, Cressey TR, Kim MH, Musiime V, Turkova A, Ruel TD, Rabie H, Sugandhi N, Rojo P, Doherty M, Abrams EJ, PADO4 participants. Prioritising the most needed paediatric antiretroviral formulations: the PADO4 list. The lancet. HIV 2019. PMID: 31498110


  34. Havlir DV, Balzer LB, Charlebois ED, Clark TD, Kwarisiima D, Ayieko J, Kabami J, Sang N, Liegler T, Chamie G, Camlin CS, Jain V, Kadede K, Atukunda M, Ruel T, Shade SB, Ssemmondo E, Byonanebye DM, Mwangwa F, Owaraganise A, Olilo W, Black D, Snyman K, Burger R, Getahun M, Achando J, Awuonda B, Nakato H, Kironde J, Okiror S, Thirumurthy H, Koss C, Brown L, Marquez C, Schwab J, Lavoy G, Plenty A, Mugoma Wafula E, Omanya P, Chen YH, Rooney JF, Bacon M, van der Laan M, Cohen CR, Bukusi E, Kamya MR, Petersen M. HIV Testing and Treatment with the Use of a Community Health Approach in Rural Africa. The New England journal of medicine 2019. PMID: 31314966


  35. Muhindo MK, Jagannathan P, Kakuru A, Opira B, Olwoch P, Okiring J, Nalugo N, Clark TD, Ruel T, Charlebois E, Feeney ME, Havlir DV, Dorsey G, Kamya MR. Intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and risk of malaria following cessation in young Ugandan children: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. The Lancet. Infectious diseases 2019. PMID: 31307883


  36. Ramesh A, Nakielny S, Hsu J, Kyohere M, Byaruhanga O, de Bourcy C, Egger R, Dimitrov B, Juan YF, Sheu J, Wang J, Kalantar K, Langelier C, Ruel T, Mpimbaza A, Wilson MR, Rosenthal PJ, DeRisi JL. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of samples from pediatric febrile illness in Tororo, Uganda. PloS one 2019. PMID: 31220115


  37. Erguera XA, Johnson MO, Neilands TB, Ruel T, Berrean B, Thomas S, Saberi P. WYZ: a pilot study protocol for designing and developing a mobile health application for engagement in HIV care and medication adherence in youth and young adults living with HIV. BMJ open 2019. PMID: 31061063


  38. Kajubi R, Ochieng T, Kakuru A, Jagannathan P, Nakalembe M, Ruel T, Opira B, Ochokoru H, Ategeka J, Nayebare P, Clark TD, Havlir DV, Kamya MR, Dorsey G. Monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine versus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: a double-blind, randomised, controlled, superiority trial. Lancet (London, England) 2019. PMID: 30910321


  39. Gnanashanmugam D, Rakhmanina N, Crawford KW, Nesheim S, Ruel T, Birkhead GS, Chakraborty R, Lawrence R, Jean-Philippe P, Jayashankar L, Hoover A, Statton A, D'Souza P, Fitzgibbon J, Hazra R, Warren B, Smith S, Abrams EJ. Eliminating perinatal HIV in the United States: mission possible? AIDS (London, England) 2019. PMID: 30475262


  40. Bress J, Kashemwa G, Amisi C, Armas J, McWhorter C, Ruel T, Ammann AJ, Mukwege D, Butler LM. Delivering integrated care after sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. BMJ global health 2019. PMID: 30899559


  41. Ayieko J, Chamie G, Balzer L, Kwarisiima D, Kabami J, Sang N, Cohen CR, Bukusi EA, Clark TD, Plenty A, Charlebois ED, Petersen M, Kamya M, Havlir DV, Ruel T. Mobile, Population-wide, Hybrid HIV Testing Strategy Increases Number of Children Tested in Rural Kenya and Uganda. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2018. PMID: 30199482


  42. Koss CA, Ayieko J, Mwangwa F, Owaraganise A, Kwarisiima D, Balzer LB, Plenty A, Sang N, Kabami J, Ruel TD, Black D, Camlin CS, Cohen CR, Bukusi EA, Clark TD, Charlebois ED, Petersen ML, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, SEARCH Collaboration. Early Adopters of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Preexposure Prophylaxis in a Population-based Combination Prevention Study in Rural Kenya and Uganda. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2018. PMID: 29741594


  43. Jenster M, Bonifacio SL, Ruel T, Rogers EE, Tam EW, Partridge JC, Barkovich AJ, Ferriero DM, Glass HC. Maternal or neonatal infection: association with neonatal encephalopathy outcomes. Pediatric research 2018. PMID: 29658514


  44. Jennifer Hsu, Philip Rosenthal, Theodore Ruel, Mary Kyohere, Sarah Nakielny, Oswald Byaruhanga, Arthur Mpimbaza. Etiology of Non-malarial Febrile Illnesses in Ugandan Children. Pediatrics 2018. PMID:


  45. Mwangwa F, Chamie G, Kwarisiima D, Ayieko J, Owaraganise A, Ruel TD, Plenty A, Tram KH, Clark TD, Cohen CR, Bukusi EA, Petersen M, Kamya MR, Charlebois ED, Havlir DV, Marquez C. Gaps in the Child Tuberculosis Care Cascade in 32 Rural Communities in Uganda and Kenya. Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases 2017. PMID: 29291251


  46. Bangirana P, Ruel TD, Boivin MJ, Pillai SK, Giron LB, Sikorskii A, Banik A, Achan J. Absence of neurocognitive disadvantage associated with paediatric HIV subtype A infection in children on antiretroviral therapy. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2017. PMID: 29052340


  47. Brown LB, Ayieko J, Mwangwa F, Owaraganise A, Kwarisiima D, Jain V, Ruel T, Clark T, Black D, Chamie G, Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Kamya MR, Petersen ML, Charlebois ED, Havlir DV. Predictors of Retention in HIV Care Among Youth (15-24) in a Universal Test-and-Treat Setting in Rural Kenya. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2017. PMID: 28394821


  48. Kwarisiima D, Kamya MR, Owaraganise A, Mwangwa F, Byonanebye DM, Ayieko J, Plenty A, Black D, Clark TD, Nzarubara B, Snyman K, Brown L, Bukusi E, Cohen CR, Geng EH, Charlebois ED, Ruel TD, Petersen ML, Havlir D, Jain V. High rates of viral suppression in adults and children with high CD4+ counts using a streamlined ART delivery model in the SEARCH trial in rural Uganda and Kenya. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2017. PMID: 28770596


  49. Natureeba P, Kakuru A, Muhindo M, Ochieng T, Ategeka J, Koss CA, Plenty A, Charlebois ED, Clark TD, Nzarubara B, Nakalembe M, Cohan D, Rizzuto G, Muehlenbachs A, Ruel T, Jagannathan P, Havlir DV, Kamya MR, Dorsey G. Intermittent Preventive Treatment With Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine for the Prevention of Malaria Among HIV-Infected Pregnant Women. The Journal of infectious diseases 2017. PMID: 28329368


  50. Kajubi R, Huang L, Jagannathan P, Chamankhah N, Were M, Ruel T, Koss CA, Kakuru A, Mwebaza N, Kamya M, Havlir D, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Aweeka FT. Antiretroviral Therapy With Efavirenz Accentuates Pregnancy-Associated Reduction of Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Exposure During Malaria Chemoprevention. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2017. PMID: 28187497


  51. Achan J, Kakuru A, Ikilezi G, Mwangwa F, Plenty A, Charlebois E, Young S, Havlir D, Kamya M, Ruel T. Growth Recovery Among HIV-infected Children Randomized to Lopinavir/Ritonavir or NNRTI-based Antiretroviral Therapy. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2016. PMID: 27580060


  52. Brown LB, Havlir DV, Ayieko J, Mwangwa F, Owaraganise A, Kwarisiima D, Jain V, Ruel T, Clark T, Chamie G, Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Kamya MR, Petersen ML, Charlebois ED, SEARCH Collaboration. High levels of retention in care with streamlined care and universal test and treat in East Africa. AIDS (London, England) 2016. PMID: 27603290


  53. Kakuru A, Natureeba P, Muhindo MK, Clark TD, Havlir DV, Cohan D, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Ruel T. Malaria burden in a birth cohort of HIV-exposed uninfected Ugandan infants living in a high malaria transmission setting. Malaria journal 2016. PMID: 27756308


  54. Kadede K, Ruel T, Kabami J, Ssemmondo E, Sang N, Kwarisiima D, Bukusi E, Cohen CR, Liegler T, Clark TD, Charlebois ED, Petersen ML, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, Chamie G, SEARCH team. Increased adolescent HIV testing with a hybrid mobile strategy in Uganda and Kenya. AIDS (London, England) 2016. PMID: 27258399


  55. Morgan MC, Kumar GS, Kaiser SV, Seetharam S, Ruel TD. Implementation of a neonatal transcutaneous bilirubin screening programme in rural India. Paediatrics and international child health 2016. PMID: 25844503


  56. Koss CA, Natureeba P, Nyafwono D, Plenty A, Mwesigwa J, Nzarubara B, Clark TD, Ruel TD, Achan J, Charlebois ED, Cohan D, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, Young SL. Brief Report: Food Insufficiency Is Associated With Lack of Sustained Viral Suppression Among HIV-Infected Pregnant and Breastfeeding Ugandan Women. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2016. PMID: 26397935


  57. Melissa C. Morgan, G. S. Kumar, Sunitha V. Kaiser, Sridevi Seetharam, Theodore D. Ruel. Implementation of a neonatal transcutaneous bilirubin screening programme in rural India. Paediatrics and international child health 2016. PMID:


  58. Seidman D, Ruel T, Rahangdale L, Mittal P, Pecci C, Weber S, Goldschmidt R, Cohan D, Levison J. A clinical approach to elimination of perinatal HIV transmission in resource-rich settings. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2015. PMID: 26381200


  59. Sears D, Mpimbaza A, Kigozi R, Sserwanga A, Chang MA, Kapella BK, Yoon S, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Ruel T. Quality of inpatient pediatric case management for four leading causes of child mortality at six government-run Ugandan hospitals. PloS one 2015. PMID: 25992620


  60. Koss CA, Natureeba P, Mwesigwa J, Cohan D, Nzarubara B, Bacchetti P, Horng H, Clark TD, Plenty A, Ruel TD, Achan J, Charlebois ED, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, Gandhi M. Hair concentrations of antiretrovirals predict viral suppression in HIV-infected pregnant and breastfeeding Ugandan women. AIDS (London, England) 2015. PMID: 25985404


  61. Bartelink IH, Savic RM, Dorsey G, Ruel T, Gingrich D, Scherpbier HJ, Capparelli E, Jullien V, Young SL, Achan J, Plenty A, Charlebois E, Kamya M, Havlir D, Aweeka F. The effect of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics and virologic outcomes of lopinavir, efavirenz and nevirapine in food insecure HIV-infected children in Tororo, Uganda. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2015. PMID: 25742090


  62. Cohan D, Natureeba P, Koss CA, Plenty A, Luwedde F, Mwesigwa J, Ades V, Charlebois ED, Gandhi M, Clark TD, Nzarubara B, Achan J, Ruel T, Kamya MR, Havlir DV. Efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir versus efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected pregnant Ugandan women. AIDS (London, England) 2015. PMID: 25426808


  63. Young SL, Plenty AH, Luwedde FA, Natamba BK, Natureeba P, Achan J, Mwesigwa J, Ruel TD, Ades V, Osterbauer B, Clark TD, Dorsey G, Charlebois ED, Kamya M, Havlir DV, Cohan DL. Household food insecurity, maternal nutritional status, and infant feeding practices among HIV-infected Ugandan women receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Maternal and child health journal 2014. PMID: 24585398


  64. Koss CA, Natureeba P, Plenty A, Luwedde F, Mwesigwa J, Ades V, Charlebois ED, Clark TD, Achan J, Ruel T, Nzarubara B, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, Cohan D. Risk factors for preterm birth among HIV-infected pregnant Ugandan women randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir- or efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2014. PMID: 25072616


  65. Marquez C, Okiring J, Chamie G, Ruel TD, Achan J, Kakuru A, Kamya MR, Charlebois ED, Havlir DV, Dorsey G. Increased morbidity in early childhood among HIV-exposed uninfected children in Uganda is associated with breastfeeding duration. Journal of tropical pediatrics 2014. PMID: 25145704


  66. Kakuru A, Achan J, Muhindo MK, Ikilezi G, Arinaitwe E, Mwangwa F, Ruel T, Clark TD, Charlebois E, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir D, Kamya MR, Tappero JW, Dorsey G. Artemisinin-based combination therapies are efficacious and safe for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in HIV-infected Ugandan children. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2014. PMID: 24759826


  67. Ruel TD, Kakuru A, Ikilezi G, Mwangwa F, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Charlebois E, Havlir D, Kamya M, Achan J. Virologic and immunologic outcomes of HIV-infected Ugandan children randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2014. PMID: 24326597


  68. Jenster M, Bonifacio SL, Ruel T, Rogers EE, Tam EW, Partridge JC, Barkovich AJ, Ferriero DM, Glass HC. Maternal or neonatal infection: association with neonatal encephalopathy outcomes. Pediatric research 2014. PMID: 24713817


  69. Gandhi M, Mwesigwa J, Aweeka F, Plenty A, Charlebois E, Ruel TD, Huang Y, Clark T, Ades V, Natureeba P, Luwedde FA, Achan J, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, Cohan D, Prevention of Malaria and HIV disease in Tororo (PROMOTE) study. Hair and plasma data show that lopinavir, ritonavir, and efavirenz all transfer from mother to infant in utero, but only efavirenz transfers via breastfeeding. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2013. PMID: 24135775


  70. Ades V, Mwesigwa J, Natureeba P, Clark TD, Plenty A, Charlebois E, Achan J, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, Cohan D, Ruel TD. Neonatal mortality in HIV-exposed infants born to women receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in Rural Uganda. Journal of tropical pediatrics 2013. PMID: 23764539


  71. Ikilezi G, Achan J, Kakuru A, Ruel T, Charlebois E, Clark TD, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir D, Kamya MR, Dorsey G. Prevalence of asymptomatic parasitemia and gametocytemia among HIV-infected Ugandan children randomized to receive different antiretroviral therapies. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 2013. PMID: 23358639


  72. Achan J, Kakuru A, Ikilezi G, Ruel T, Clark TD, Nsanzabana C, Charlebois E, Aweeka F, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir D, Kamya MR. Antiretroviral agents and prevention of malaria in HIV-infected Ugandan children. The New England journal of medicine 2012. PMID: 23190222


  73. . Sargeant, S. Deverasetty, Y. Luo, A. Villahoz-Baleta, S. Zobrist, V. Rathnayake, J. Russo, M. Muesing, M. Schiller, R. Andrabi, R. Kumar, M. Bala, A. Nair, A. Biswas, N. Wig, P. Kumar, K. Luthra, N. Gonzalez, K. McKee, E. Yuste, J.R. Mascola, J. Alcamí, L. Vojnov, M. Martins, A. Bean, M. Veloso de Santana, J. Sacha, N. Wilson, M. Bonaldo, R. Galler, M. Stevenson, D. Watkins, M. Aziz, M. Mata, F. Mahmood, H. Durkin, C. Liu, R. Greenblatt, M. Nowicki, E. Golub, K. Anastos, A. French, L. Baum, V.S. Wacleche, N. Chomont, A. Gosselin, P. Monteiro, M. Goupil, H. Kared, C. Tremblay, N. Bernard, M.-R. Boulassel, J.-P. Routy, P. Ancuta, J. Jadlowsky, C. Baiduc, M. Richardson, A. Bennett, B. Jakobsen, J.L. Riley, B. Vingert, D. Benati, O. Lambotte, P. de Truchis, L. Slama, P. Jeannin, S. Perez-Patrigeon, F. Boufassa, W.W. Kwok, F. Lemaître, J.-F. Delfraissy, J. Thèze, L.A. Chakrabarti, M. French, R. Center, K. Wilson, I. Fleyfel, S. Fernandez, A. Kelleher, P. An, J. Goedert, S. Donfield, S. Buchbinder, G. Kirk, R. Detels, C. Winkler, J. Lajoie, J. Juno, A. Burgener, S. Rahman, K. Mogk, C. Wachihi, J. Mwanjewe, F.A. Plummer, J. Kimani, T.B. Ball, K.R. Fowke, A. Burgener, J. Lajoie, C. Wachihi, J. Kimani, K. Fowke, F.A. Plummer, T.B. Ball, T.N. Dieye, A. Chentouffi, M. Camara, S. Sarr, M.V. Tran, M. Seydi, G. Dasgupta, M. Fall, G. Daneau, P.A. Diaw, L. Kestens, P.S. Sow, S. Mboup, L. Benmohamed, D.M. Asmuth, Z.-M. Ma, A. Albanese, S. Devaraj, E. Hodzic, J.-C. Garcia, T.H. Knight, N.M. Flynn, S. Mann, T. Yotter, E. Tsuchida, C.J. Miller, S. Pallikkuth, L. Micci, Z. Ende, R. Iriele, B. Cervasi, J. Else, G. Silvestri, F. Villinger, S. Pahwa, M. Paiardini, S. Solomon, K.G. Murugavel, R. Vignesh, D. Bella, R. Shoba, S. Poongulali, N. Kumarasamy, A. Landay, S.S. Solomon, C.R. Swathirajan, P. Balakrishnan, S. Cu-Uvin, K.H. Mayer, B.L. Shacklett, C.S. Palmer, J. Zhou, S. Saleh, L. Lam, A. Hearps, A. Maisa, C. Pereira, S. Lewin, A. Jaworowski, J.M. McCune, S. Crowe, G. Doitsh, N. Galloway, K. Monroe, Z. Yang, O. Zepeda, W.C. Greene, M. Patel, M.-A. Jenabian, B. Lebouché, M.-J. Brouillette, C. Tremblay, I. Kema, M.-R. Boulassel, J.-P. Routy, F. Al-Ghazawi, E. Faller, P. Parmar, J. Kakal, P. MacPherson, F. Al-Ghazawi, P. Parmar, E. Faller, S. Sugden, N. Sant, P. MacPherson, C. Vinton, J. Brenchley, B. Tabb, X.P. Hao, V.M. Hirsch, M. Paiardini, J. Lifson, G. Silvestri, J.D. Estes, F. Bushman, S. Sherrill-Mix, K. Ocwieja, R. Mukherjee, M. Brown, J. Chin, R. Custers-Allen, P. David, J. Olson, K. Travers, E. Schadt, M. Sánchez del Cojo, M.R. López-Huertas, E. Mateos, M. Coiras, J. Alcamí, G. Sampey, R. Van Duyne, I. Guendel, E. Gregg, N. Shafagati, M. Tyagi, R. Easely, Z. Klase, F. Romerio, M. Iglesias-Ussel, S. Nekhai, K. Kehn-Hall, F. Kashanchi, N. Kumar, V. Evans, S. Saleh, C.F. Pereira, P. Ellenberg, P.U. Cameron, S.R. Lewin, L. Gray, D. Cowley, E. Crespan, C. Welsh, C. Mackenzie, P. Gorry, S. Wesselingh, M. Churchill, M. Iglesias-Ussel, L. Marchionni, F. Romerio, S. Weber, H. Burger, K. Kemal, B. Weiser, K. Korn, K. Anastos, W. Doerfler, S. Saleh, D. Vatakis, P. Cameron, A. Harman, A. Cunningham, S. Lewin, D. Ma, A. Cillo, C.L. Xu, J. Kristoff, J. Fang, G. Haret-Richter, J. Mellors, I. Pandrea, C. Apetrei, B. Trinité, E. Ohlson, S. Rana, J. Alster, D.N. Levy, A.F.B. Victoriano, Y. Hibi, N. Tan Gana, K. Asamitsu, T. Okamoto, M. Marsden, M. Kovochich, N. Suree, S. Shimizu, R. Mehta, R. Cortado, G. Bristol, D.S. An, J. Zack, N. Madrid-Elena, B. Hernandez-Novoa, M. Lamas, L. Garcia-Bermejo, S. Moreno, T. Ruel, J. Achan, W. Huang, H. Cao, P. Li, L.A. Eller, M. Killian, E. Sinclair, E. Charlebois, D.V. Havlir, J. Wong, T.J. Henrich, G. Sciaranghella, J.Z. Li, S. Gallien, V. Ho, A.S. Lacasce, D.R. Kuritzkes, J. Lifson, G. Del Prete, R. Kiser, C.M. Trubey, J. Smedley, V. Coalter, K. Oswald, R. Shoemaker, R. Fast, Y. Li, A. Lara, A. Wiles, R. Wiles, R. Macallister, R. Sanchez, J. Wai, C. Tan, B. Keele, J. Estes, M. Piatakjr, D. Hazuda, J. Symons, S. Deeks. Track A Basic Science. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2012. PMID:


  74. M Jenster, T Ruel, SL Bonifacio, EE Rogers, EW Tam, AJ Barkovich, DM Ferriero, HC Glass. 289 The Effect of Perinatal Infection on Neurodevelopmental outcome in Newborns with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Archives of disease in childhood 2012. PMID:


  75. Young S, Murray K, Mwesigwa J, Natureeba P, Osterbauer B, Achan J, Arinaitwe E, Clark T, Ades V, Plenty A, Charlebois E, Ruel T, Kamya M, Havlir D, Cohan D. Maternal nutritional status predicts adverse birth outcomes among HIV-infected rural Ugandan women receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. PloS one 2012. PMID: 22879899


  76. Ruel TD, Boivin MJ, Boal HE, Bangirana P, Charlebois E, Havlir DV, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, Achan J, Akello C, Kamya MR, Wong JK. Neurocognitive and motor deficits in HIV-infected Ugandan children with high CD4 cell counts. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2012. PMID: 22308272


  77. Kay J, Wanzira H, Sandison T, Kakuru A, Bigira V, Kamya M, Homsy J, Tappero JW, Havlir D, Dorsey G, Ruel T. Virologic suppression in nevirapine-exposed HIV-infected infants initiating antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda. Journal of tropical pediatrics 2011. PMID: 21930666


  78. Ruel TD, Zanoni BC, Ssewanyana I, Cao H, Havlir DV, Kamya M, Achan J, Charlebois ED, Feeney ME. Sex differences in HIV RNA level and CD4 cell percentage during childhood. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2011. PMID: 21840929


  79. Ruel TD, Kamya MR, Li P, Pasutti W, Charlebois ED, Liegler T, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir DV, Wong JK, Achan J. Early virologic failure and the development of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in HIV-infected Ugandan children. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2011. PMID: 21099693


  80. Charlebois ED, Ruel TD, Gasasira AF, Achan J, Kateera F, Akello C, Cao H, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Ssewanyana I, Kamya MR, Havlir DV. Short-term risk of HIV disease progression and death in Ugandan children not eligible for antiretroviral therapy. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2010. PMID: 20592617


  81. Li P, Ruel T, Fujimoto K, Hatano H, Yukl S, Eller LA, Liegler T, Kamya M, Gassasira A, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir DV, Wong JK. Novel application of Locked Nucleic Acid chemistry for a Taqman assay for measuring diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes. Journal of virological methods 2010. PMID: 20863855


  82. Gasasira AF, Kamya MR, Ochong EO, Vora N, Achan J, Charlebois E, Ruel T, Kateera F, Meya DN, Havlir D, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G. Effect of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole on the risk of malaria in HIV-infected Ugandan children living in an area of widespread antifolate resistance. Malaria journal 2010. PMID: 20573194


  83. Boivin MJ, Ruel TD, Boal HE, Bangirana P, Cao H, Eller LA, Charlebois E, Havlir DV, Kamya MR, Achan J, Akello C, Wong JK. HIV-subtype A is associated with poorer neuropsychological performance compared with subtype D in antiretroviral therapy-naive Ugandan children. AIDS (London, England) 2010. PMID: 20425886


  84. Ruel T, Ssewanyana I, Achan J, Gasasira A, Kamya MR, Kekitiinwa A, Wong JK, Cao H, Havlir D, Charlebois ED. Dynamics of T cell activation accompanying CD4 recovery in antiretroviral treated HIV-infected Ugandan children. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 2009. PMID: 19303366


  85. Ssewanyana I, Baker CA, Ruel T, Bousheri S, Kamya M, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Charlebois E, Havlir D, Cao H. The Distribution and Immune Profile of T Cell Subsets in HIV-Infected Children from Uganda. AIDS research and human retroviruses 2009. PMID: 19182922


  86. Ruel TD, Achan J, Gasasira AF, Charlebois ED, Mehbratu T, Rosenthal PJ, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Kekitiinwa A, Wong J, Havlir DV. HIV RNA suppression among HIV-infected Ugandan children with measles. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) 2008. PMID: 18520684


  87. Gasasira AF, Kamya MR, Achan J, Mebrahtu T, Kalyango JN, Ruel T, Charlebois E, Staedke SG, Kekitiinwa A, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir D, Dorsey G. High risk of neutropenia in HIV-infected children following treatment with artesunate plus amodiaquine for uncomplicated malaria in Uganda. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2008. PMID: 18444813


  88. Ssewanyana I, Elrefaei M, Dorsey G, Ruel T, Jones NG, Gasasira A, Kamya M, Nakiwala J, Achan J, Charlebois E, Havlir D, Cao H. Profile of T cell immune responses in HIV-infected children from Uganda. The Journal of infectious diseases 2007. PMID: 18008251


  89. Kamya MR, Gasasira AF, Achan J, Mebrahtu T, Ruel T, Kekitiinwa A, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir D, Dorsey G. Effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and insecticide-treated bednets on malaria among HIV-infected Ugandan children. AIDS (London, England) 2007. PMID: 17885296


  90. Gora D, Yaya T, Jocelyn T, Didier F, Maoulouth D, Amadou S, Ruel TD, Gonzalez JP. The potential role of rodents in the enzootic cycle of Rift Valley fever virus in Senegal. Microbes and infection 2000. PMID: 10817634


  91. Cheng Q, Ruel TD, Zhou W, Moloo SK, Majiwa P, O'Neill SL, Aksoy S. Tissue distribution and prevalence of Wolbachia infections in tsetse flies, Glossina spp. Medical and veterinary entomology 2000. PMID: 10759311


  92. Ruel TD, Kelley DB, Tobias ML. Facilitation at the sexually differentiated laryngeal synapse of Xenopus laevis. Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology 1998. PMID: 9447712