Robert Lustig, MD

Robert H. Lustig, M.D. is Professor of Pediatrics in the Division of Endocrinology at University of California, San Francisco, and Director of the Weight Assessment for Teen and Child Health (WATCH) Program at UCSF.

Dr. Lustig is a neuroendocrinologist, with basic and clinical training relative to hypothalamic development, anatomy, and function. Prior to coming to San Francisco in 2001, he worked at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, TN. There, he was charged with the endocrine care of many children whose hypothalami had been damaged by brain tumors, or subsequent surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy. Many patients who survived became massively obese. Dr. Lustig theorized that hypothalamic damage led to the inability to sense the hormone leptin, which in turn, led to the starvation response. Since repairing the hypothalamus was not an option, he looked downstream, and noted that these patients had increased activity of the vagus nerve (a manifestation of starvation) which increased insulin secretion. By administering the insulin suppressive agent octreotide, he was able to get them to lose weight; but more remarkably, they started to exercise spontaneously. He then demonstrated the same phenomenon in obese adults without CNS lesions. The universality of these findings has enabled Dr. Lustig to weave these threads together into a novel unifying hypothesis regarding the etiology, prevention, and treatment of the current obesity epidemic. This has led him to explore the specific role of fructose (half of sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup) as a specific mediator of both chronic disease, and continued caloric consumption. His now notorious YouTube video, “Sugar – the bitter truth” continues its popularity with the lay public.

A native of Brooklyn, NY, Dr. Lustig went to Stuyvesant H.S. in Manhattan, graduated from MIT in 1976, and received his M.D. from Cornell University Medical College in 1980. He completed his pediatric residency at St. Louis Children’s Hospital in 1983, and his clinical fellowship at UCSF in 1984. From there, he spent six years as a post-doctoral fellow and research associate in neuroendocrinology at The Rockefeller University. He has been a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the University of Tennessee, Memphis. Dr. Lustig has authored 85 peer-reviewed articles and 30 reviews. He has mentored 20 pediatric endocrine fellows, and trained numerous other allied health professionals. He provides endocrinologic support to several protocols of the Children’s Oncology Group. He is the former Chairman of the Ad hoc Obesity Task Force of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, a member of the Pediatric Obesity Practice Guidelines Subcommittee of The Endocrine Society, a member of the Obesity Task Force of the Endocrine Society, a member of the Pediatric Obesity Devices Committee of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and a member of the Steering Committee of the International Endocrine Alliance to Combat Obesity. He also consults for several childhood obesity advocacy groups.

Dr. Lustig lives in San Francisco with his wife and two daughters (ages 10 and 4). Spare time (what little there is) is spent cooking, theater-going, and traveling.
Education
Residency, - School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
Websites

  1. Heindel JJ, Lustig RH, Howard S, Corkey BE. Obesogens: a unifying theory for the global rise in obesity. International journal of obesity (2005) 2024. PMID: 38212644


  2. Heindel JJ, Alvarez JA, Atlas E, Cave MC, Chatzi VL, Collier D, Corkey B, Fischer D, Goran MI, Howard S, Kahan S, Kayhoe M, Koliwad S, Kotz CM, La Merrill M, Lobstein T, Lumeng C, Ludwig DS, Lustig RH, Myers P, Nadal A, Trasande L, Redman LM, Rodeheffer MS, Sargis RM, Stephens JM, Ziegler TR, Blumberg B. Obesogens and Obesity: State-of-the-Science and Future Directions Summary from a Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptors Strategies Workshop. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2023. PMID: 37230178


  3. Harlan TS, Gow RV, Kornst?dt A, Alderson PW, Lustig RH. The Metabolic Matrix: Re-engineering ultraprocessed foods to feed the gut, protect the liver, and support the brain. Frontiers in nutrition 2023. PMID: 37063330


  4. Merchant TE, Edmonston DY, Wu S, Li Y, Boop FA, Lustig RH. Endocrine Outcomes after Limited Surgery and Conformal Photon Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Craniopharyngioma: Long-term Results from the RT1 Protocol. 2022. PMID: 35481829


  5. Lustig RH, Fennoy I. The History of Obesity Research. Hormone research in paediatrics 2022. PMID: 36446324


  6. Heindel JJ, Howard S, Agay-Shay K, Arrebola JP, Audouze K, Babin PJ, Barouki R, Bansal A, Blanc E, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Chevalier N, Choudhury M, Collier D, Connolly L, Coumoul X, Garruti G, Gilbertson M, Hoepner LA, Holloway AC, Howell G, Kassotis CD, Kay MK, Kim MJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Langouet S, Legrand A, Li Z, Le Mentec H, Lind L, Lind PM, Lustig RH, Martin-Chouly C, Munic Kos V, Podechard N, Roepke TA, Sargis RM, Starling A, Tomlinson CR, Touma C, Vondracek J, Vom Saal F, Blumberg B. Corrigendum to "Obesity II: Establishing causal links between chemical exposures and obesity" [Biochem. Pharmacol. 199 (2022) 115015]. Biochemical pharmacology 2022. PMID: 35714447


  7. Gupta N, Lustig RH, Andrews H, Guthery SL, Patel AS, Gokhale R, Goyal A, Siebold L, Sylvester F, Leu CS. Sex-Specific Pathways Lead to Statural Growth Impairment in Children with Crohn's Disease. 2022. PMID: 35649448


  8. Lustig RH, Collier D, Kassotis C, Roepke TA, Ji Kim M, Blanc E, Barouki R, Bansal A, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Choudhury M, Gilbertson M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Howard S, Lind L, Tomlinson CR, Vondracek J, Heindel JJ. Obesity I: Overview and molecular and biochemical mechanisms. 2022. PMID: 35393120


  9. Heindel JJ, Howard S, Agay-Shay K, Arrebola JP, Audouze K, Babin PJ, Barouki R, Bansal A, Blanc E, Cave MC, Chatterjee S, Chevalier N, Choudhury M, Collier D, Connolly L, Coumoul X, Garruti G, Gilbertson M, Hoepner LA, Holloway AC, Howell G, Kassotis CD, Kay MK, Ji Kim M, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Langouet S, Legrand A, Li Z, Le Mentec H, Lind L, Monica Lind P, Lustig RH, Martin-Chouly C, Munic Kos V, Podechard N, Roepke TA, Sargis RM, Starling A, Tomlinson CR, Touma C, Vondracek J, Vom Saal F, Blumberg B. Obesity II: Establishing causal links between chemical exposures and obesity. 2022. PMID: 35395240


  10. Olson E, Suh JH, Schwarz JM, Noworolski SM, Jones GM, Barber JR, Erkin-Cakmak A, Mulligan K, Lustig RH, Mietus-Snyder M. Effects of Isocaloric Fructose Restriction on Ceramide Levels in Children with Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk: Relation to Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity. 2022. PMID: 35406045


  11. Deardorff J, Reeves JW, Hyland C, Tilles S, Rauch S, Kogut K, Greenspan LC, Shirtcliff E, Lustig RH, Eskenazi B, Harley K. Childhood Overweight and Obesity and Pubertal Onset Among Mexican American Boys and Girls in the CHAMACOS Longitudinal Study. American journal of epidemiology 2021. PMID: 33831178


  12. Mason AE, Schmidt L, Ishkanian L, Jacobs LM, Leung C, Jensen L, Cohn MA, Schleicher S, Hartman AR, Wojcicki JM, Lustig RH, Epel ES. A Brief Motivational Intervention Differentially Reduces Sugar-sweetened Beverage (SSB) Consumption. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine 2021. PMID: 33778854


  13. Wojcicki JM, Lustig RH, Jacobs LM, Mason AE, Hartman A, Leung C, Stanhope K, Lin J, Schmidt LA, Epel ES. Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length Predicts Stronger Response to a Workplace Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Sales Ban: An Exploratory Study. Current developments in nutrition 2021. PMID: 34235373


  14. Gupta N, Lustig RH, Andrews H, Gokhale R, Goyal A, Patel AS, Guthery S, Sylvester F, Siebold L, Leu CS. Clinical Variables Associated With Statural Growth in Pediatric Crohn's Disease Differ by Sex (The Growth Study). Inflammatory bowel diseases 2021. PMID: 32860033


  15. Gupta N, Lustig RH, Andrews H, Sylvester F, Keljo D, Goyal A, Gokhale R, Patel AS, Guthery S, Leu CS. Introduction to and Screening Visit Results of the Multicenter Pediatric Crohn's Disease Growth Study. Inflammatory bowel diseases 2020. PMID: 32190893


  16. Lustig RH. Ultraprocessed Food: Addictive, Toxic, and Ready for Regulation. Nutrients 2020. PMID: 33167515


  17. Epel ES, Hartman A, Jacobs LM, Leung C, Cohn MA, Jensen L, Ishkanian L, Wojcicki J, Mason AE, Lustig RH, Stanhope KL, Schmidt LA. Association of a Workplace Sales Ban on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages With Employee Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Health. JAMA internal medicine 2020. PMID: 31657840


  18. Epel E, Laraia B, Coleman-Phox K, Leung C, Vieten C, Mellin L, Kristeller JL, Thomas M, Stotland N, Bush N, Lustig RH, Dallman M, Hecht FM, Adler N. Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Distress, Weight Gain, and Glucose Control for Pregnant Low-Income Women: A Quasi-Experimental Trial Using the ORBIT Model. International journal of behavioral medicine 2019. PMID: 30993601


  19. Vogel J, Grewal A, O'Reilly S, Lustig R, Kurtz G, Minturn JE, Shah AC, Waanders AJ, Belasco JB, Cole KA, Fisher MJ, Phillips PC, Balamuth NJ, Storm PB, Hill-Kayser CE. Risk of brainstem necrosis in pediatric patients with central nervous system malignancies after pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) 2019. PMID: 31512931


  20. Erkin-Cakmak A, Bains Y, Caccavello R, Noworolski SM, Schwarz JM, Mulligan K, Lustig RH, Gugliucci A. Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Reduces Serum d-Lactate Concentration in Children With Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2019. PMID: 30869790


  21. Denzer C, Denzer F, Lennerz BS, Vollbach H, Lustig RH, Wabitsch M. Treatment of Hypothalamic Obesity with Dextroamphetamine: A Case Series. Obesity facts 2019. PMID: 30844799


  22. Merchant TE, Bendel AE, Sabin ND, Burger PC, Shaw DW, Chang E, Wu S, Zhou T, Eisenstat DD, Foreman NK, Fuller CE, Anderson ET, Hukin J, Lau CC, Pollack IF, Laningham FH, Lustig RH, Armstrong FD, Handler MH, Williams-Hughes C, Kessel S, Kocak M, Ellison DW, Ramaswamy V. Conformal Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Ependymoma, Chemotherapy for Incompletely Resected Ependymoma, and Observation for Completely Resected, Supratentorial Ependymoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2019. PMID: 30811284


  23. Harley KG, Berger KP, Kogut K, Parra K, Lustig RH, Greenspan LC, Calafat AM, Ye X, Eskenazi B. Association of phthalates, parabens and phenols found in personal care products with pubertal timing in girls and boys. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 2019. PMID: 30517665


  24. Chambers JH, Zerofsky M, Lustig RH, Rosenthal P, Perito ER. Diet and Exercise in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients: Behaviors and Association With Metabolic Syndrome. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2019. PMID: 30234760


  25. Berger K, Eskenazi B, Kogut K, Parra K, Lustig RH, Greenspan LC, Holland N, Calafat AM, Ye X, Harley KG. Association of Prenatal Urinary Concentrations of Phthalates and Bisphenol A and Pubertal Timing in Boys and Girls. Environmental health perspectives 2018. PMID: 30203993


  26. Gupta N, Lustig RH, Chao C, Vittinghoff E, Andrews H, Leu CS. Thiopurines are negatively associated with anthropometric parameters in pediatric Crohn's disease. World journal of gastroenterology 2018. PMID: 29760546


  27. Laraia BA, Adler NE, Coleman-Phox K, Vieten C, Mellin L, Kristeller JL, Thomas M, Stotland NE, Lustig RH, Dallman MF, Hecht FM, Bush NR, de Groat CL, Epel E. Novel Interventions to Reduce Stress and Overeating in Overweight Pregnant Women: A Feasibility Study. Maternal and child health journal 2018. PMID: 29455384


  28. Perito ER, Phelps A, Vase T, Feldstein VA, Lustig RH, Rosenthal P. Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients: Carotid and Aorta Intima-Media Thickness and Their Predictors. The Journal of pediatrics 2017. PMID: 29224938


  29. Lustig RH. Ethical Considerations for Nutrition Counseling About Processed Food-Reply. JAMA pediatrics 2017. PMID: 28715517


  30. Stigler FL, Lustig RH, Moser AM. Exercise Type in Dieting Obese Older Adults. The New England journal of medicine 2017. PMID: 28813125


  31. Vreman RA, Goodell AJ, Rodriguez LA, Porco TC, Lustig RH, Kahn JG. Health and economic benefits of reducing sugar intake in the USA, including effects via non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a microsimulation model. BMJ open 2017. PMID: 28775179


  32. Perito ER, Vase T, Ramachandran R, Phelps A, Jen KY, Lustig RH, Feldstein VA, Rosenthal P. Hepatic steatosis after pediatric liver transplant. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society 2017. PMID: 28426902


  33. Schwarz JM, Noworolski SM, Erkin-Cakmak A, Korn NJ, Wen MJ, Tai VW, Jones GM, Palii SP, Velasco-Alin M, Pan K, Patterson BW, Gugliucci A, Lustig RH, Mulligan K. Effects of Dietary Fructose Restriction on Liver Fat, De Novo Lipogenesis, and Insulin Kinetics in Children With Obesity. Gastroenterology 2017. PMID: 28579536


  34. Stigler FL, Lustig RH, Ma JI. Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Management of Obesity. The New England journal of medicine 2017. PMID: 28402779


  35. Lustig RH. Processed Food-An Experiment That Failed. JAMA pediatrics 2017. PMID: 28114671


  36. Harley KG, Rauch SA, Chevrier J, Kogut K, Parra KL, Trujillo C, Lustig RH, Greenspan LC, Sjödin A, Bradman A, Eskenazi B. Association of prenatal and childhood PBDE exposure with timing of puberty in boys and girls. Environment international 2017. PMID: 28089583


  37. Perito ER, Lustig RH, Rosenthal P. Prediabetes in Pediatric Recipients of Liver Transplant: Mechanism and Risk Factors. The Journal of pediatrics 2016. PMID: 28041666


  38. Eskenazi B, Rauch SA, Tenerelli R, Huen K, Holland NT, Lustig RH, Kogut K, Bradman A, Sjödin A, Harley KG. In utero and childhood DDT, DDE, PBDE and PCBs exposure and sex hormones in adolescent boys: The CHAMACOS study. International journal of hygiene and environmental health 2016. PMID: 27876543


  39. Lustig RH. Fructose and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Journal of the California Dental Association 2016. PMID: 29035477


  40. Gugliucci A, Lustig RH, Caccavello R, Erkin-Cakmak A, Noworolski SM, Tai VW, Wen MJ, Mulligan K, Schwarz JM. Short-term isocaloric fructose restriction lowers apoC-III levels and yields less atherogenic lipoprotein profiles in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2016. PMID: 27451002


  41. Lustig RH. Sickeningly Sweet: Does Sugar Cause Type 2 Diabetes? Yes. Canadian journal of diabetes 2016. PMID: 27216628


  42. Perito ER, Lustig RH, Rosenthal P. Metabolic Syndrome Components After Pediatric Liver Transplantation: Prevalence and the Impact of Obesity and Immunosuppression. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2016. PMID: 26751054


  43. Daubenmier J, Moran PJ, Kristeller J, Acree M, Bacchetti P, Kemeny ME, Dallman M, Lustig RH, Grunfeld C, Nixon DF, Milush JM, Goldman V, Laraia B, Laugero KD, Woodhouse L, Epel ES, Hecht FM. Effects of a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention in adults with obesity: A randomized clinical trial. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2016. PMID: 26955895


  44. Rodríguez LA, Madsen KA, Cotterman C, Lustig RH. Added sugar intake and metabolic syndrome in US adolescents: cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2012. Public health nutrition 2016. PMID: 26932353


  45. Mason AE, Epel ES, Aschbacher K, Lustig RH, Acree M, Kristeller J, Cohn M, Dallman M, Moran PJ, Bacchetti P, Laraia B, Hecht FM, Daubenmier J. Reduced reward-driven eating accounts for the impact of a mindfulness-based diet and exercise intervention on weight loss: Data from the SHINE randomized controlled trial. Appetite 2016. PMID: 26867697


  46. Lustig RH. Response to "Metabolic improvement with fructose restriction: Is it the fructose or the weight loss?". Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2016. PMID: 26853905


  47. Mason AE, Epel ES, Kristeller J, Moran PJ, Dallman M, Lustig RH, Acree M, Bacchetti P, Laraia BA, Hecht FM, Daubenmier J. Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on mindful eating, sweets consumption, and fasting glucose levels in obese adults: data from the SHINE randomized controlled trial. Journal of behavioral medicine 2015. PMID: 26563148


  48. Lustig RH, Mulligan K, Noworolski SM, Tai VW, Wen MJ, Erkin-Cakmak A, Gugliucci A, Schwarz JM. Isocaloric fructose restriction and metabolic improvement in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2015. PMID: 26499447


  49. Lee PD, Lustig RH, Lenders C, Baillargeon J, Wilson DM, Glaser Pediatric Research Network Obesity Study Group. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN 1 PREDICTS INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND INSULIN AREA-UNDER-THE-CURVE IN OBESE, NONDIABETIC ADOLESCENTS. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2015. PMID: 26484407


  50. Mason AE, Laraia B, Daubenmier J, Hecht FM, Lustig RH, Puterman E, Adler N, Dallman M, Kiernan M, Gearhardt AN, Epel ES. Putting the brakes on the "drive to eat": Pilot effects of naltrexone and reward-based eating on food cravings among obese women. Eating behaviors 2015. PMID: 26164674


  51. Mason AE, Lustig RH, Brown RR, Acree M, Bacchetti P, Moran PJ, Dallman M, Laraia B, Adler N, Hecht FM, Daubenmier J, Epel ES. Acute responses to opioidergic blockade as a biomarker of hedonic eating among obese women enrolled in a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention trial. Appetite 2015. PMID: 25931433


  52. Alkon A, Harley KG, Neilands TB, Tambellini K, Lustig RH, Boyce WT, Eskenazi B. Latino children's body mass index at 2-3.5 years predicts sympathetic nervous system activity at 5 years. Childhood obesity (Print) 2014. PMID: 24745554


  53. Aschbacher K, Kornfeld S, Picard M, Puterman E, Havel PJ, Stanhope K, Lustig RH, Epel E. Chronic stress increases vulnerability to diet-related abdominal fat, oxidative stress, and metabolic risk. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014. PMID: 24882154


  54. Daubenmier J, Lustig RH, Hecht FM, Kristeller J, Woolley J, Adam T, Dallman M, Epel E. A new biomarker of hedonic eating? A preliminary investigation of cortisol and nausea responses to acute opioid blockade. Appetite 2013. PMID: 24291355


  55. Kumar RJ, Zhai H, Both S, Tochner Z, Lustig R, Hill-Kayser C. Breast cancer screening for childhood cancer survivors after craniospinal irradiation with protons versus x-rays: a dosimetric analysis and review of the literature. Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 2013. PMID: 23892352


  56. Lustig RH. A conversation with Robert H. Lustig, MD, MSL. Interview by Stanford T Shulman. Pediatric annals 2013. PMID: 23805972


  57. Perito ER, Tsai PM, Hawley S, Lustig RH, Feldstein VA. Targeted hepatic sonography during clinic visits for detection of fatty liver in overweight children: a pilot study. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2013. PMID: 23525389


  58. Perito ER, Rodriguez LA, Lustig RH. Dietary treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Current opinion in gastroenterology 2013. PMID: 23283181


  59. Lustig RH. Fructose: it's "alcohol without the buzz". Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 2013. PMID: 23493539


  60. Basu S, Yoffe P, Hills N, Lustig RH. The relationship of sugar to population-level diabetes prevalence: an econometric analysis of repeated cross-sectional data. PloS one 2013. PMID: 23460912


  61. Harley KG, Aguilar Schall R, Chevrier J, Tyler K, Aguirre H, Bradman A, Holland NT, Lustig RH, Calafat AM, Eskenazi B. Prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A exposure and body mass index in childhood in the CHAMACOS cohort. Environmental health perspectives 2013. PMID: 23416456


  62. Weiss R, Bremer AA, Lustig RH. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2013. PMID: 23356701


  63. Volberg V, Harley KG, Aguilar RS, Rosas LG, Huen K, Yousefi P, Davé V, Phan N, Lustig RH, Eskenazi B, Holland N. Associations between perinatal factors and adiponectin and leptin in 9-year-old Mexican-American children. Pediatric obesity 2013. PMID: 23325579


  64. Gupta N, Lustig RH, Kohn MA, Vittinghoff E. Determination of bone age in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease should become part of routine care. Inflammatory bowel diseases 2013. PMID: 22552908


  65. Campen CJ, Kranick SM, Kasner SE, Kessler SK, Zimmerman RA, Lustig R, Phillips PC, Storm PB, Smith SE, Ichord R, Fisher MJ. Cranial irradiation increases risk of stroke in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Stroke 2012. PMID: 22968468


  66. Gupta N, Lustig RH, Kohn MA, Vittinghoff E. Menarche in pediatric patients with Crohn's disease. Digestive diseases and sciences 2012. PMID: 22744430


  67. Bereket A, Kiess W, Lustig RH, Muller HL, Goldstone AP, Weiss R, Yavuz Y, Hochberg Z. Hypothalamic obesity in children. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2012. PMID: 22577758


  68. Tomiyama AJ, Schamarek I, Lustig RH, Kirschbaum C, Puterman E, Havel PJ, Epel ES. Leptin concentrations in response to acute stress predict subsequent intake of comfort foods. Physiology & behavior 2012. PMID: 22579988


  69. Lustig RH. Diabetes and dietary fibre: directive or distraction? Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2012. PMID: 22490112


  70. Bremer AA, Mietus-Snyder M, Lustig RH. Toward a unifying hypothesis of metabolic syndrome. Pediatrics 2012. PMID: 22351884


  71. Lustig RH, Schmidt LA, Brindis CD. Public health: The toxic truth about sugar. Nature 2012. PMID: 22297952


  72. Rhodes ET, Goran MI, Lieu TA, Lustig RH, Prosser LA, Songer TJ, Weigensberg MJ, Weinstock RS, Gonzalez T, Rawluk K, Zoghbi RM, Ludwig DS, Laffel LM. Health-related quality of life in adolescents with or at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Journal of pediatrics 2012. PMID: 22217471


  73. Bremer AA, Lustig RH. Effects of sugar-sweetened beverages on children. Pediatric annals 2012. PMID: 22224718


  74. Suneja G, Alonso-Basanta M, Lustig R, Lee JY, Bekelman JE. Postoperative radiation therapy for low-grade glioma: patterns of care between 1998 and 2006. Cancer 2011. PMID: 22180333


  75. Lustig RH. Hypothalamic obesity after craniopharyngioma: mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. Frontiers in endocrinology 2011. PMID: 22654817


  76. Merchant TE, Rose SR, Bosley C, Wu S, Xiong X, Lustig RH. Growth hormone secretion after conformal radiation therapy in pediatric patients with localized brain tumors. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2011. PMID: 22042949


  77. Daubenmier J, Kristeller J, Hecht FM, Maninger N, Kuwata M, Jhaveri K, Lustig RH, Kemeny M, Karan L, Epel E. Mindfulness Intervention for Stress Eating to Reduce Cortisol and Abdominal Fat among Overweight and Obese Women: An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Study. Journal of obesity 2011. PMID: 21977314


  78. Garber AK, Lustig RH. Is fast food addictive? Current drug abuse reviews 2011. PMID: 21999689


  79. Wojcicki JM, Holbrook K, Lustig RH, Caughey AB, Muñoz RF, Heyman MB. Infant formula, tea, and water supplementation of latino infants at 4-6 weeks postpartum. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 2011. PMID: 21527796


  80. Sharma S, Lustig RH, Fleming SE. Identifying metabolic syndrome in African American children using fasting HOMA-IR in place of glucose. Preventing chronic disease 2011. PMID: 21477504


  81. Chen JL, Weiss S, Heyman MB, Lustig R. Risk factors for obesity and high blood pressure in Chinese American children: maternal acculturation and children's food choices. Journal of immigrant and minority health 2011. PMID: 19757055


  82. Chen JL, Weiss S, Heyman MB, Cooper B, Lustig RH. The efficacy of the web-based childhood obesity prevention program in Chinese American adolescents (Web ABC study). The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 2011. PMID: 21783046


  83. Wojcicki JM, Holbrook K, Lustig RH, Epel E, Caughey AB, Muñoz RF, Shiboski SC, Heyman MB. Chronic maternal depression is associated with reduced weight gain in latino infants from birth to 2 years of age. PloS one 2011. PMID: 21373638


  84. Gupta N, Lustig RH, Kohn MA, McCracken M, Vittinghoff E. Sex differences in statural growth impairment in Crohn's disease: role of IGF-1. Inflammatory bowel diseases 2011. PMID: 21287667


  85. Nguyen S, Lustig RH. Just a spoonful of sugar helps the blood pressure go up. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy 2010. PMID: 21090921


  86. Lustig RH. Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 2010. PMID: 20800122


  87. Aslan IR, Ranadive SA, Ersoy BA, Rogers SJ, Lustig RH, Vaisse C. Bariatric surgery in a patient with complete MC4R deficiency. International journal of obesity (2005) 2010. PMID: 20733581


  88. Chen JL, Weiss SJ, Heyman MB, Cooper B, Lustig RH. The Active Balance Childhood program for improving coping and quality of life in Chinese American children. Nursing research 2010. PMID: 20585223


  89. Lim JS, Mietus-Snyder M, Valente A, Schwarz JM, Lustig RH. The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology 2010. PMID: 20368739


  90. Sharma S, Roberts LS, Lustig RH, Fleming SE. Carbohydrate intake and cardiometabolic risk factors in high BMI African American children. Nutrition & metabolism 2010. PMID: 20181134


  91. Wilson DM, Abrams SH, Aye T, Lee PD, Lenders C, Lustig RH, Osganian SV, Feldman HA, Glaser Pediatric Research Network Obesity Study Group. Metformin extended release treatment of adolescent obesity: a 48-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 48-week follow-up. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2010. PMID: 20124139


  92. Raman A, Ritchie LD, Lustig RH, Fitch MD, Hudes ML, Fleming SE. Insulin resistance is improved in overweight African American boys but not in girls following a one-year multidisciplinary community intervention program. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2010. PMID: 20432814


  93. Chen JL, Weiss S, Heyman MB, Lustig RH. Efficacy of a child-centred and family-based program in promoting healthy weight and healthy behaviors in Chinese American children: a randomized controlled study. Journal of public health (Oxford, England) 2009. PMID: 19933120


  94. Sharma S, Roberts LS, Hudes ML, Lustig RH, Fleming SE. Macronutrient intakes and cardio metabolic risk factors in high BMI African American children. Nutrition & metabolism 2009. PMID: 19825190


  95. Madsen KA, Garber AK, Mietus-Snyder ML, Orrell-Valente JK, Tran CT, Wlasiuk L, Matos RI, Neuhaus J, Lustig RH. A clinic-based lifestyle intervention for pediatric obesity: efficacy and behavioral and biochemical predictors of response. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2009. PMID: 19960890


  96. Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M, Howard BV, Lefevre M, Lustig RH, Sacks F, Steffen LM, Wylie-Rosett J, American Heart Association Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and M. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009. PMID: 19704096


  97. Merchant TE, Conklin HM, Wu S, Lustig RH, Xiong X. Late effects of conformal radiation therapy for pediatric patients with low-grade glioma: prospective evaluation of cognitive, endocrine, and hearing deficits. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2009. PMID: 19581535


  98. Raman A, Lustig RH, Fitch M, Fleming SE. Accuracy of self-assessed Tanner staging against hormonal assessment of sexual maturation in overweight African-American children. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2009. PMID: 19774842


  99. Nguyen S, Choi HK, Lustig RH, Hsu CY. Sugar-sweetened beverages, serum uric acid, and blood pressure in adolescents. The Journal of pediatrics 2009. PMID: 19375714


  100. Steinberger J, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, Hayman L, Lustig RH, McCrindle B, Mietus-Snyder ML, American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the. Progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Circulation 2009. PMID: 19139390


  101. Braithwaite D, Moore DH, Lustig RH, Epel ES, Ong KK, Rehkopf DH, Wang MC, Miller SM, Hiatt RA. Socioeconomic status in relation to early menarche among black and white girls. Cancer causes & control : CCC 2008. PMID: 19107561


  102. Lustig RH. Hypothalamic obesity: causes, consequences, treatment. Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER 2008. PMID: 19202508


  103. Kaufman FR, Lustig RH, Vigersky R. Patient guide to the prevention and management of pediatric obesity. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2008. PMID: 19097260


  104. August GP, Caprio S, Fennoy I, Freemark M, Kaufman FR, Lustig RH, Silverstein JH, Speiser PW, Styne DM, Montori VM, Endocrine Society. Prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline based on expert opinion. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2008. PMID: 18782869


  105. Raman A, Fitch MD, Hudes ML, Lustig RH, Murray CB, Ikeda JP, Fleming SE. Baseline correlates of insulin resistance in inner city high-BMI African-American children. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2008. PMID: 19186328


  106. Chen JL, Weiss S, Heyman MB, Vittinghoff E, Lustig R. Pilot study of an individually tailored educational program by mail to promote healthy weight in Chinese American children. Journal for specialists in pediatric nursing : JSPN 2008. PMID: 18638051


  107. Lustig RH. Which comes first? The obesity or the insulin? The behavior or the biochemistry? The Journal of pediatrics 2008. PMID: 18410757


  108. Accurso A, Bernstein RK, Dahlqvist A, Draznin B, Feinman RD, Fine EJ, Gleed A, Jacobs DB, Larson G, Lustig RH, Manninen AH, McFarlane SI, Morrison K, Nielsen JV, Ravnskov U, Roth KS, Silvestre R, Sowers JR, Sundberg R, Volek JS, Westman EC, Wood RJ, Wortman J, Vernon MC. Dietary carbohydrate restriction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Nutrition & metabolism 2008. PMID: 18397522


  109. Bremer AA, Ranadive S, Lustig RH. Outpatient transition of an infant with permanent neonatal diabetes due to a KCNJ11 activating mutation from subcutaneous insulin to oral glyburide. Pediatric diabetes 2008. PMID: 18221420


  110. Velásquez-Mieyer PA, Cowan PA, Pérez-Faustinelli S, Nieto-Martínez R, Villegas-Barreto C, Tolley EA, Lustig RH, Alpert BS. Racial disparity in glucagon-like peptide 1 and inflammation markers among severely obese adolescents. Diabetes care 2008. PMID: 18184905


  111. Jasik CB, Lustig RH. Adolescent obesity and puberty: the "perfect storm". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2008. PMID: 18574233


  112. Mietus-Snyder ML, Lustig RH. Childhood obesity: adrift in the "limbic triangle". Annual review of medicine 2008. PMID: 17845135


  113. Pardee PE, Norman GJ, Lustig RH, Preud'homme D, Schwimmer JB. Television viewing and hypertension in obese children. American journal of preventive medicine 2007. PMID: 18022058


  114. Evans SM, Du KL, Chalian AA, Mick R, Zhang PJ, Hahn SM, Quon H, Lustig R, Weinstein GS, Koch CJ. Patterns and levels of hypoxia in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas and their relationship to patient outcome. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2007. PMID: 17967299


  115. Welsh J, Sanan A, Gabayan AJ, Green SB, Lustig R, Burri S, Kwong E, Stea B. GliaSite brachytherapy boost as part of initial treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: a retrospective multi-institutional pilot study. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2007. PMID: 17331666


  116. Madsen KA, Yen S, Wlasiuk L, Newman TB, Lustig R. Feasibility of a dance videogame to promote weight loss among overweight children and adolescents. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine 2007. PMID: 17199076


  117. Cheung CC, Lustig RH. Pituitary development and physiology. Pituitary 2007. PMID: 17638086


  118. Lustig RH. The 'skinny' on childhood obesity: how our western environment starves kids' brains. Pediatric annals 2006. PMID: 17236437


  119. Lustig RH. Childhood obesity: behavioral aberration or biochemical drive? Reinterpreting the First Law of Thermodynamics. Nature clinical practice. Endocrinology & metabolism 2006. PMID: 16932334


  120. Lustig RH, Greenway F, Velasquez-Mieyer P, Heimburger D, Schumacher D, Smith D, Smith W, Soler N, Warsi G, Berg W, Maloney J, Benedetto J, Zhu W, Hohneker J. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of a long-acting formulation of octreotide in promoting weight loss in obese adults with insulin hypersecretion. International journal of obesity (2005) 2006. PMID: 16158082


  121. Lustig RH, Mietus-Snyder ML, Bacchetti P, Lazar AA, Velasquez-Mieyer PA, Christensen ML. Insulin dynamics predict body mass index and z-score response to insulin suppression or sensitization pharmacotherapy in obese children. The Journal of pediatrics 2006. PMID: 16423593


  122. Lustig RH. Pediatric endocrine disorders of energy balance. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2005. PMID: 16311943


  123. Rose SR, Danish RK, Kearney NS, Schreiber RE, Lustig RH, Burghen GA, Hudson MM. ACTH deficiency in childhood cancer survivors. Pediatric blood & cancer 2005. PMID: 15700255


  124. Isganaitis E, Lustig RH. Fast food, central nervous system insulin resistance, and obesity. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2005. PMID: 16166564


  125. Feldman BJ, Rosenthal SM, Vargas GA, Fenwick RG, Huang EA, Matsuda-Abedini M, Lustig RH, Mathias RS, Portale AA, Miller WL, Gitelman SE. Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. The New England journal of medicine 2005. PMID: 15872203


  126. Preeyasombat C, Bacchetti P, Lazar AA, Lustig RH. Racial and etiopathologic dichotomies in insulin hypersecretion and resistance in obese children. The Journal of pediatrics 2005. PMID: 15812449


  127. Speiser PW, Rudolf MC, Anhalt H, Camacho-Hubner C, Chiarelli F, Eliakim A, Freemark M, Gruters A, Hershkovitz E, Iughetti L, Krude H, Latzer Y, Lustig RH, Pescovitz OH, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Rogol AD, Shalitin S, Sultan C, Stein D, Vardi P, Werther GA, Zadik Z, Zuckerman-Levin N, Hochberg Z, Obesity Consensus Working Group. Childhood obesity. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2004. PMID: 15598688


  128. Souhami L, Seiferheld W, Brachman D, Podgorsak EB, Werner-Wasik M, Lustig R, Schultz CJ, Sause W, Okunieff P, Buckner J, Zamorano L, Mehta MP, Curran WJ. Randomized comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery followed by conventional radiotherapy with carmustine to conventional radiotherapy with carmustine for patients with glioblastoma multiforme: report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 93-05 protocol. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2004. PMID: 15465203


  129. Lustig RH, Sen S, Soberman JE, Velasquez-Mieyer PA. Obesity, leptin resistance, and the effects of insulin reduction. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2004. PMID: 15314628


  130. Maity A, Shu HK, Tan JE, Ruffer J, Sutton LN, Tochner Z, Lustig R. Treatment of pediatric intracranial arteriovenous malformations with linear-accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery: the University of Pennsylvania experience. Pediatric neurosurgery 2004. PMID: 15689641


  131. Merchant TE, Mulhern RK, Krasin MJ, Kun LE, Williams T, Li C, Xiong X, Khan RB, Lustig RH, Boop FA, Sanford RA. Preliminary results from a phase II trial of conformal radiation therapy and evaluation of radiation-related CNS effects for pediatric patients with localized ependymoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2004. PMID: 15284268


  132. Machtay M, Rosenthal DI, Chalian AA, Lustig R, Hershock D, Miller L, Weinstein GS, Weber RS. Pilot study of postoperative reirradiation, chemotherapy, and amifostine after surgical salvage for recurrent head-and-neck cancer. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2004. PMID: 15093901


  133. Armstrong CL, Gyato K, Awadalla AW, Lustig R, Tochner ZA. A critical review of the clinical effects of therapeutic irradiation damage to the brain: the roots of controversy. Neuropsychology review 2004. PMID: 15260139


  134. Velasquez-Mieyer PA, Umpierrez GE, Lustig RH, Cashion AK, Cowan PA, Christensen M, Spencer KA, Burghen GA. Race affects insulin and GLP-1 secretion and response to a long-acting somatostatin analogue in obese adults. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2004. PMID: 14708034


  135. Rose SR, Schreiber RE, Kearney NS, Lustig RH, Danish RK, Burghen GA, Hudson MM. Hypothalamic dysfunction after chemotherapy. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2004. PMID: 14960022


  136. Lustig RH. Optimizing growth hormone efficacy: an evidence-based analysis. Hormone research 2004. PMID: 15539806


  137. Velasquez-Mieyer PA, Cowan PA, Umpierrez GE, Lustig RH, Cashion AK, Burghen GA. Racial differences in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations and insulin dynamics during oral glucose tolerance test in obese subjects. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2003. PMID: 14574347


  138. Lustig RH, Hinds PS, Ringwald-Smith K, Christensen RK, Kaste SC, Schreiber RE, Rai SN, Lensing SY, Wu S, Xiong X. Octreotide therapy of pediatric hypothalamic obesity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2003. PMID: 12788859


  139. Lustig RH. Autonomic dysfunction of the beta-cell and the pathogenesis of obesity. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders 2003. PMID: 12618557


  140. Lustig RH, Post SR, Srivannaboon K, Rose SR, Danish RK, Burghen GA, Xiong X, Wu S, Merchant TE. Risk factors for the development of obesity in children surviving brain tumors. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2003. PMID: 12574189


  141. Velasquez-Mieyer PA, Cowan PA, Arheart KL, Buffington CK, Spencer KA, Connelly BE, Cowan GW, Lustig RH. Suppression of insulin secretion is associated with weight loss and altered macronutrient intake and preference in a subset of obese adults. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity 2003. PMID: 12587002


  142. Merchant TE, Williams T, Smith JM, Rose SR, Danish RK, Burghen GA, Kun LE, Lustig RH. Preirradiation endocrinopathies in pediatric brain tumor patients determined by dynamic tests of endocrine function. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2002. PMID: 12182973


  143. Merchant TE, Kiehna EN, Sanford RA, Mulhern RK, Thompson SJ, Wilson MW, Lustig RH, Kun LE. Craniopharyngioma: the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience 1984-2001. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2002. PMID: 12062594


  144. Leung W, Rose SR, Zhou Y, Hancock ML, Burstein S, Schriock EA, Lustig R, Danish RK, Evans WE, Hudson MM, Pui CH. Outcomes of growth hormone replacement therapy in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2002. PMID: 12089225


  145. Boehm BO, Lustig RH. Use of somatostatin receptor ligands in obesity and diabetic complications. Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology 2002. PMID: 12079271


  146. Merchant TE, Goloubeva O, Pritchard DL, Gaber MW, Xiong X, Danish RK, Lustig RH. Radiation dose-volume effects on growth hormone secretion. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 2002. PMID: 11955738


  147. Lustig RH. The neuroendocrinology of obesity. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 2001. PMID: 11571940


  148. Lustig RH. The neuroendocrinology of childhood obesity. Pediatric clinics of North America 2001. PMID: 11494643


  149. Kaste SC, Jones-Wallace D, Rose SR, Boyett JM, Lustig RH, Rivera GK, Pui CH, Hudson MM. Bone mineral decrements in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: frequency of occurrence and risk factors for their development. Leukemia 2001. PMID: 11368432


  150. Kaste SC, Chesney RW, Hudson MM, Lustig RH, Rose SR, Carbone LD. Bone mineral status during and after therapy of childhood cancer: an increasing population with multiple risk factors for impaired bone health. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 1999. PMID: 10620059


  151. Rose SR, Lustig RH, Pitukcheewanont P, Broome DC, Burghen GA, Li H, Hudson MM, Kun LE, Heideman RL. Diagnosis of hidden central hypothyroidism in survivors of childhood cancer. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1999. PMID: 10599705


  152. Lustig RH, Rose SR, Burghen GA, Velasquez-Mieyer P, Broome DC, Smith K, Li H, Hudson MM, Heideman RL, Kun LE. Hypothalamic obesity caused by cranial insult in children: altered glucose and insulin dynamics and reversal by a somatostatin agonist. The Journal of pediatrics 1999. PMID: 10431109


  153. Rose SR, Lustig RH, Burstein S, Pitukcheewanont P, Broome DC, Burghen GA. Diagnosis of ACTH deficiency. Comparison of overnight metyrapone test to either low-dose or high-dose ACTH test. Hormone research 1999. PMID: 10681636


  154. Norrby-Teglund A, Lustig R, Kotb M. Differential induction of Th1 versus Th2 cytokines by group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome isolates. Infection and immunity 1997. PMID: 9393817


  155. Kuefer MU, Moinuddin M, Heideman RL, Lustig RH, Rose SR, Burstein S, VanMiddlesworth L, Fleming I, Jenkins JJ, Shearer PD. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: demographics, treatment, and outcome in eleven pediatric patients treated at a single institution. Medical and pediatric oncology 1997. PMID: 9143389


  156. Lustig RH. In vitro models for the effects of sex hormones on neurons. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1996. PMID: 8651585


  157. Imbeaud S, Rey R, Berta P, Chaussain JL, Wit JM, Lustig RH, De Vroede MA, Picard JY, Josso N. Testicular degeneration in three patients with the persistent müllerian duct syndrome. European journal of pediatrics 1995. PMID: 7758514


  158. MacDonald MJ, Shahidi NT, Allen DB, Lustig RH, Mitchell TL, Cornwell ST. Pentoxifylline in the treatment of children with new-onset type I diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1994. PMID: 8258882


  159. Lustig RH, Sudol M, Pfaff DW, Federoff HJ. Estrogenic regulation and sex dimorphism of growth-associated protein 43 kDa (GAP-43) messenger RNA in the rat. Brain research. Molecular brain research 1991. PMID: 1661809


  160. Lustig RH, Mobbs CV, Pfaff DW, Fishman J. Temporal actions of 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone in the rat: comparisons of lordosis dynamics with other estrogen metabolites and between sexes. Journal of steroid biochemistry 1989. PMID: 2779234


  161. Lustig RH, Pfaff DW, Mobbs CV. Considerations in the quantitative analysis of autoradiograms from 2-dimensional gels. Journal of neuroscience methods 1989. PMID: 2761295


  162. Lustig RH, Pfaff DW, Fishman J. Induction of LH hypersecretion in cyclic rats during the afternoon of oestrus by oestrogen in conjunction with progesterone antagonism or opioidergic blockade. The Journal of endocrinology 1988. PMID: 3379356


  163. Lustig RH, Pfaff DW, Fishman J. Opioidergic modulation of the oestradiol-induced LH surge in the rat: roles of ovarian steroids. The Journal of endocrinology 1988. PMID: 3339293


  164. Schriock EA, Lustig RH, Rosenthal SM, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM. Effect of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GRH) on plasma GH in relation to magnitude and duration of GH deficiency in 26 children and adults with isolated GH deficiency or multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies: evidence for hypothalamic GRH defic The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1984. PMID: 6427257